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You have conceived a fairly large-scale construction, but that's bad luck, the land is small, and the neighbors live very close. In this case, do-it-yourself site planning and site preparation for future utility, domestic or residential buildings is a very important stage at which we will take into account all the nuances: from the opinion of your neighbors and compliance with boundary zones to soil conditions, site sizes and even weather conditions. What to plan location of buildings on the site, the easiest way is to contact specialized firms or departments for land management and architecture, but this is quite expensive. We will try to offer options on how to do it yourself.
So, before drawing up a plan for the location of buildings on the site, it is necessary to determine the places where it is allowed and where it is forbidden to erect any structures.
When planning work on the site, please contact:
- to the cadastral services - in order to clarify and fix the boundaries of land use and the red line;
- department for architecture and construction at the local government - to find out on the site the zones where it is allowed to build;
- sanitary and epidemiological station - to designate sanitary zones, especially if the development will take place near recreation areas, rivers and lakes, forests and other nature protection areas where any construction is prohibited by law.
Also, talk to your neighbors to agree on building sites if your building needs to be built in the boundary zone. The most accurate parameters for choosing a place for buildings are given in SNiP 30-02-97 "Planning and development of territories of horticultural (country) associations of citizens, buildings and structures."
Lobby for the exploitation of natural lighting and ventilation. The air passage through the housing is directly proportional to the difference in temperature and air pressure between the indoor and outdoor environments. Passive cooling systems are based on the following physical principles.
Fireplace effect obtained by air temperature difference; Venturi cooling based on the Venturi effect and obtained by air pressure difference; winding through specially created pipelines; Convection cooling taking advantage of night ventilation; Evaporative evaporation obtained by evaporating water in the presence of wind. Fireplace ventilation.
To start designing, you need to take a sheet of paper and set the scale to 1:100, that is, 1 cm on the plan will be equal to 1 m on the ground.
Grid drawing method
It is convenient to use graph paper or a sheet from a notebook in a cage for these purposes. If they are not at hand, then a grid with 1x1 cm cells can be applied to a blank sheet of paper.
The chimney effect refers to the natural change in air pressure level and density caused by a thermal gradient between the inside and outside, which in turn creates air movement from a high zone to a low density zone. Normally, pressure differences in a house increase with height and temperature difference between inside and outside. When air is heated, it actually expands in proportion to the increase in its absolute temperature: the expansion causes its specific gravity to decrease and lifts the air up.
The lower planes are usually colder and depressed, while the highest planes, which are warmer due to natural air convection, may be in a state of overpressure. Thus, the chimney effect determines the normal winter tendency for hot air temperature to rise and leave weak retention zones inserted into the top of the building and cool air to enter areas near the base to replace the air dissipated. In summer, when the outside air has a higher temperature than the inside, the phenomenon appears in the opposite direction.
The scale grid will allow you to accurately place objects on the drawing and eliminate possible errors when choosing the size of buildings and their correct location on the site. For irregularly shaped areas, one of the universal methods for transferring borders to paper can be applied.
Site planning software
For computer planning you need a plan land plot from a technical data sheet, which is usually 1:500 scale. But since it is inconvenient to use it for designing the location of buildings on the site, you should proceed as follows. To begin with, the drawing is scanned (using equipment such as Coupled Charged or Contact Image Senso) and a graphic image of the land is created. After that, this file is transferred to an architectural design program, such as ArCon, X Designer 3D, ArchiCAD, etc. In the program itself, using the settings, the drawing is enlarged to the size and scale we need, a scale grid, cardinal points, wind rose, direction are applied slope and movement of the sun in relation to the site. Further, this plan is printed and used during work.
The greater the temperature difference between the air masses, the greater the pressure difference and the greater the vertical velocity of air movement. The fireplace effect can be used for natural cooling by creating a height difference in openings that need to be shaded to cool down. The easiest way to exploit this effect is with vertical building elements such as ventilation chimneys, stairwells, atriums, climates and climates. This phenomenon can be maximized by incident solar radiation on the outer surface of the chimney, resulting in an increase in air temperature and hence fan draft.
It is also worth mentioning the easiest way that does not require knowledge in working with specialized programs. Scanned documents can be opened in the standard Paint program: in the "Edit" tab, select "Insert from file" and import the prepared document into the program window. Now it remains to increase the image five times, thereby transferring the scale of 1:500 to the scale of 1:100. To do this, open the "Drawing" tab where the item "Stretch / Skew" is selected and in the parameters "Stretch vertically" and "Stretch horizontally" enter the value 500%. The resulting file is printed and a scale grid is manually applied to it in any convenient direction.
Site Planning Rules
The effect can also be increased by the presence of fans inside the ventilation chimneys. In more innovative versions, electricity is generated by photovoltaic panels located on the roof of the building. Passive cooling can also be achieved by exploiting the effect of wind pressure on a building. The side oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction is actually subjected to higher pressure than the opposite side. Air enters holes in the high pressure walls, moving through the building to the low pressure side where it is expelled.
If the format of the scanned file is not supported by Paint, you can download it in another way. Opening the original image again and pressing the Print Screen key on the keyboard, open the Paint program and select the "Insert" item in the "Edit" tab, you're done - the scanned file is loaded. The same actions can be applied in other graphic editors: PhotoShop, Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW.
The location of the house on the site
In this case, you can use the Venturi effect, which, when the fluid moves steadily, the speed and pressure of the movement change depending on the section of the passage. In particular, as the cross section decreases, there is an increase in kinetic energy and flow velocity and a decrease in pressure. The efficiency of natural ventilation depends on the airflow generated by the pressure difference that is determined between the indoor and outdoor environment. This differential is affected by several variables, including site weather data, building shape factors, location and size of openings, general terrain roughness, and the presence of obstacles along the prevailing wind direction.
Do-it-yourself site planning
This method is used when there are no technical means and computer programs for scaling drawings. It is necessary to take a sheet of tracing paper, attach it to the plan and transfer the image. 
Any of the corners of the plot is chosen as the zero point.
Building design taking into account the prevailing wind direction. Building design considering the prevailing wind direction and position of the sun Airflow control for passive cooling can be achieved through a number of design strategies that involve.
Norms and rules of construction on a summer cottage
Attention to localization, mutual relations and building geometry, encourage the movement of air and drainage on the ledge and in the presence of channels, narrow spaces, patios and edges. To make the most of natural ventilation, it is important to maintain a significant distance between buildings to avoid interference. Alternatively, buildings can be placed on a checkerboard or diagonally relative to the direction of the wind; inserting holes with different heights, geometries and sizes to optimize the wind pressure difference. In general, the air velocity is higher when the inlets are smaller and set lower than the outlet when they have a diagonal discharge or when cross-ventilated; the presence of barriers and protective barriers such as rows of trees, hedges, shrubs and buildings. The benefit depends on the shape, height and porosity of the barrier; There are external deflectors and deflectors, such as rows of trees, which increase air pressure and direct wind into openings. Vegetation also reduces temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration; soil movement towards decreasing wind pressure in the presence of depressions and accelerating air speed in the presence of impacts. Ventilation should be maximum during the day, during the summer season, in the areas most occupied by residents.
For scaling, the marking is applied in increments of a multiple of the size of the plot for construction, reduced by 500 times.
From this point, parallel to the sides of the tracing paper, the coordinate axes are laid, from which the perpendiculars to the corners a and B are lowered. Markings are applied to the sides of the resulting triangles with any convenient step (2.5 or 10 mm), but so that the selected step is a multiple of the length of the plot boundary . For a scale of 1:500, it will look like this: with 2 mm steps - 1 m; 5 mm - 2.5 m; 10 mm - 5 m.
In warm and temperate climates in summer, the airflow must blow up massive walls to help dissipate the accumulated heat. On the contrary, in the presence of strong winds and cold weather, it is preferable to protect buildings from natural barriers or screens. The urban layout of buildings should create diffuse wind shadows.
The wind tower is a passive cooling system used in the warm, arid climate of the Middle East and North Africa. Due to its conformation, it can direct the wind and transport it to rooms that need to be cooled, into which holes are inserted to create the right pressure drop. To capture natural ventilation, the holes are directed towards the top of the tower towards the dominant wind direction. The air is guided and transported inside the cavities, which, in order to obtain a sudden drop in temperature, are characterized by a humid internal atmosphere which contributes to the evaporative cooling of the walls.
The step for each side of the triangle should be the same. For convenience, the diagram shows a step of 2 mm.
For convenience, the diagram shows a step of 2 mm
When the markup on the tracing paper is over, they take a blank sheet of paper and lay the coordinate axes parallel to its sides. The number of scratches from the coordinate axes on the tracing paper is transferred to the coordinate axes on paper in such a way that 1 cm corresponds to 1 m, that is, for 2 mm - 1 cm, 5 mm - 2.5 cm and 10 mm - 5 cm. Determine points 1 and 2, perpendiculars are laid from them with the same number of divisions as on the tracing paper, but with a new scale. This allows you to designate angles A and B. If you connect them with a zero mark on the coordinate axis, you get the exact boundaries of land ownership on a scale of 1:100, where 1 cm of division corresponds to 1 m of the actual size of the summer cottage.
The controversy about fences
The air is expelled through openings or directed into an underground duct, which additionally cools it until it reaches the rooms to be cooled. At night, the mass of the tower wall cools, giving way to heat in the interior air, which warms up. An upward air movement is excited, which, caused by holes at the base of the tower, contributes to the cooling of the internal environment. During the day, the outside hot air comes into contact with the wall mass of the tower and cools, increasing in density.
1 cm of division corresponds to 1 m of the actual size of the suburban area
Similar actions are carried out with the angle of the plan opposite to the zero point of the coordinate axis. For the convenience of choosing the location of future buildings, a scale grid can be applied parallel to any boundary of the site.
Thus, he falls and enters the building, causing it to cool down. Convection cooling takes advantage of the cooling from nighttime ventilation that is introduced into the environment to remove heat accumulated from daytime structures. The system is suitable for climates characterized by remarkable daily thermal excursion when nighttime temperatures fall below the comfort zone and massive walls that absorb heat. The location of the interior walls and the size of the openings should facilitate cross-ventilation.
In addition, the location of the luminaires between the upper and lower branches must be correctly determined in order to ensure air convective movement and a chimney effect. Industrial innovations are associated with the creation of automatic door opening systems that regulate airflow and internal temperature in order to avoid excessive cooling of rooms. The system also provides cooling benefits in summer thanks to the adjustment of the seals and at the same time reduces ventilation losses in winter due to reduced window air permeability, with significant benefits also in terms of building energy savings.
For the convenience of choosing the location of future buildings, a scale grid can be applied parallel to any boundary of the site.
When the site plan is ready, proceed directly to the design.
First, you need to mark the boundaries of the site strictly according to the selected scale. At this stage, let's take, for example, a typical summer cottage 20x30 m (six acres). A rectangle with sides of 20x30 cm is drawn on the scale grid or the required number of cells is counted, depending on what was chosen as the unit of measure.
Evaporative cooling is based on the use of the cooling potential associated with the evaporation of water, which, in a state change from steam, removes heat from the environment. During a phase transformation, water molecules retain an amount of energy equal to the latent heat of evaporation. This energy can come from substances in direct contact, that is, from water and air near the interface. The optimal use of this strategy involves proper ventilation of the room to avoid excessive moisture and, as a result, a decrease in heat load.
Drawing the boundaries of the site on the scale grid
Allocation of places where construction is not allowed
Such areas include the red line, boundary line, sanitary zone, as well as places where communications are carried out. Recall that in these areas you can plant trees and plants, equip a compost pit and a toilet, as well as build sheds and a garage, following certain rules and regulations.
The distance from the red line near the main roads should be at least 6 m, from the intra-village roads - 3 m; the width of the boundary zone is usually taken to be 1–1.5 m from the boundary of the site.
Further, depending on the intended purpose of the cottage, the area of \u200b\u200bthe garden, a place for vegetable crops and a recreation area are determined. To do this, you need to take into account the terrain and take into account the fact that the cottage was originally built on a hill in accordance with all the rules.
Isolation of cultivated places, taking into account the relief
The green zone selection scheme for relatively flat areas is shown in the figure.
Allocation of cultivated areas on level ground
It is also necessary to take into account the direction of the movement of the sun, so that all buildings are in a relatively dry place and do not obscure the area for crop production. In addition, it is desirable to place a site for cultural recreation in a lowland on the sunny side. The layout of cultivated areas for plots with a slope is shown in the figure.
Several options for the placement of cultivated areas for plots with a slope and taking into account the movement of the sun
The green zone does not necessarily have to be only areas for crops and other plantings. The diagrams show only the most optimal areas for growing plants. In general, they are also suitable for placing structures, provided that the structures do not interfere with the passage of sunlight and worsen the conditions for the growth of plantings.
If the site is located in an open area where strong winds blow from time to time, you can protect yourself from them with the help of a living fence (for example, from coniferous trees). Spruce is suitable for this: it has a fairly dense crown all year round and there is no problem with harvesting fallen leaves. If southerly winds prevail (from the direction of the sun), berry bushes - raspberries, blackberries, rose hips, etc. can be used as a hedge to protect the beds.
Tree planting scheme for wind protection
It is important that there are as few obstacles in the path of the sun's rays as possible. If the summer cottage is intended only for the garden, the movement of the sun can be ignored. Remember that planting trees closer than 5 m from buildings is undesirable.
The topic of this article is the norms for building a summer cottage. We have to find out what are the requirements for the objects on the garden plot and their location. We will study the current regulatory documents and allow ourselves to give the reader a number of additional recommendations.
Factors
What factors should be considered when planning a site?
- Shading. Ideally, buildings and fences should not obscure the windows of neighboring houses.
Please note: the height and translucency of the fences that shade the beds are also specified by the current regulatory documents.
- Spreading odors. Obviously, neither you nor your neighbors will be pleased with the aromas from a nearby chicken coop or compost heap.
- fire safety. The location of buildings should create a minimum of conditions for the spread of flames in the event of a fire in one of them.
- Protection of water intakes. The placement of a toilet or autonomous sewage system should not jeopardize the purity of drinking water in wells and boreholes.
The documents
So, what regulatory documents regulate the rules for building a summer cottage?
SP 53.13330.2011
The set of rules is dedicated specifically to the development and planning of garden plots. It is a corrected and supplemented version of SNiP 30.02 - 97.
Let's explore the key points.
- The minimum area of the plot is assumed to be 0.06 hectares (they are also six acres).
- The site is fenced. In this case, the fence must be mesh or lattice and have a height of 1.5 meters.
However: by decision of the general meeting of participants in the garden partnership, a blind fence may be erected from the side of the street.
- A compost pit or box is provided on the site. In the absence of sewerage, the arrangement of an outdoor toilet is recommended.
- In addition to a residential building, the following outbuildings can be erected on a summer cottage:
- Buildings for keeping poultry and small livestock;
- Tool shed;
- Summer cuisine;
- bath;
- Summer shower;
- Garage or carport.
It is allowed to erect buildings for other purposes, whose presence on the site is due to local conditions or traditions. Translating clericalism into a common language, you can build almost anything.
The location of buildings on a summer cottage is regulated, among other things, fire safety. At the same time, only the mutual arrangement of residential buildings in neighboring areas is normalized: within the same dacha, you can build them at arbitrary intervals.
What is the minimum distance between the houses - depends on the degree of their flammability.
At the same time, in single-row buildings (when parallel streets are separated by one section), it is allowed to group houses in pairs with a specified distance between groups; in two-row buildings, residential buildings can be grouped in fours.
In addition to the distances between the houses themselves, the residential building must be separated by five meters from the street and three meters from the driveway.
In addition to those already listed, the placement of buildings on a summer cottage should be subject to several more rules. The minimum distances to the border of an adjacent plot are:
In addition: tall trees should be at least 4 meters away from the boundaries of the site, medium-sized trees - 2 meters, shrubs - 2 meters.
For certain types of structures, the mutual placement of buildings on a summer cottage is also regulated within the site itself:
- There should not be less than 12 meters between the residential building and the restroom or chicken coop.
- Between the house and the sauna or shower - at least 8 meters. The instruction is associated with the danger of subsidence of the washed foundation: when washing, water is most often discharged directly onto the relief.
- A well with water for irrigation and a latrine should be separated by at least the same 8 meters.
The location of the residential building and its orientation on the site must ensure, from March 22 to September 22, illumination of the interior for at least 2.5 hours a day.
The garage can be not only detached, but attached to the house, and built into it.
When laying paths and laying out sites with your own hands, it is useful to remember that their total area cannot be more than 30% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe site.
Useful: the design of buildings on a summer cottage is necessary, in general, only when it is sold.
If the site is sold as undeveloped, this fact will have to be confirmed by the garden partnership help.
SNiP 2.04.03-85
This document will be of interest to those summer residents who, in the improvement of their site, went beyond the construction of a traditional wooden booth of a known purpose. It normalizes the construction of sewer networks and structures.
We are most interested in the section on the sanitary protection zones of septic tanks - the distances within which capital construction is prohibited.
However: buildings that do not need to build a foundation and do not create a significant specific load on the ground can also be built within the specified protective zones.
A typical example of such buildings is country houses from block containers: they are usually simply installed on the surface of uncompacted soil.
Mister Common Sense
In addition to existing norms, when planning a site, do not forget about simple common sense.
What will he tell the experienced summer resident?
- The house is desirable to stand on a hill or in the upper part of the site, broken on a slope. Thus we will get good review from the windows and get rid of puddles near the porch in rainy weather.
- A well is usually dug at the lowest point of an uneven dacha. Why? Yes, simply because there is less distance to the aquifer.
- The living rooms of the house are best located on the south side and provided with large windows. They will be warm and sunny.
- If your site already has tall trees, do not rush to uproot them. In the shade, you can place a miniature recreation area with; the house will take place in the sunnier part of the cottage.
- If communications (gas and electricity) are brought to the site, but not brought to it, it would be a good idea to build a house closer to them. The price of installing an additional pole for wires varies from 5 to 20 thousand rubles; the gas pipe also costs a lot. Where there is no electricity and gas, buying or renting a diesel generator for a summer residence will help out.
Conclusion
We hope that the countless requirements of SNiP did not inspire melancholy in the reader. Fortunately, a significant part of the instructions is advisory in nature and is not at all mandatory for implementation. As always, additional materials can be found in the video in this article. Good luck!
