Construction of temporary roads at the construction site snip. Design of temporary roads. What equipment is used in the construction of temporary roads

For the delivery of building materials to the construction site, it is necessary to construct temporary internal construction roads. Temporary roads are built after the completion of the vertical planning of the territory, the installation of drainage, drains and utilities, except for temporary ones. The construction of temporary roads must be completed before the start of work on the construction of the underground part of the buildings.

Types of roads. Roads are mainly used on construction sites. Railways are mainly used in the construction of large industrial blocks.

Road design. When designing internal roads, the following tasks are solved:

1) the scheme of traffic and the location of roads in the plan is developed;

2) the parameters of roads and dangerous zones are established;

3) road structures are assigned, the scope of work and the necessary resources are calculated.

Traffic pattern and road layoutin terms of must provide access to the area of ​​operation of assembly cranes, to pre-assembly sites, to warehouses, workshops, to amenity premises, etc. The route of temporary roads must be designed as much as possible along the routes of future permanent roads. As a rule, construction roads should be circular, and siding and turning sites are arranged on dead-end roads.

When routing roads, the following minimum distances must be observed:

- between the road and the storage area - ≥ 0.5 ... 1.0 m;

- between the road and crane runways - ≥ 6.5 ... 12.5 m;

– between the road and the axis of the railway tracks – ≥ 3.75 m;

– between the road and the fence of the construction site – more than 1.5 m;

- between the road and the edge of the trench - more than 1.5 m.

Entrances and exits, directions of movement, turns, sidings, parking during unloading, as well as the location of traffic safety signs, should be marked on the SGP.

Parameters of temporary roads are:

– number of traffic lanes;

- the radius of curvature of roads;

- the value of the calculated visibility.

On temporary roads, traffic is in one and two lanes.

The width of the carriageway is taken at:

- single-lane traffic - 3.5 m;

- two-lane traffic - 6 m.

If vehicles of 25 or more tons (Maz, Belaz, etc.) are used to deliver goods, the width of the carriageway increases to 8 meters.

On roads with single-lane traffic within sight, but not less than 100 m, it is necessary to arrange widening platforms 6 meters wide and 12 or 18 meters long. The same platforms are arranged in places of unloading materials for any traffic pattern.

At the intersections of railways, continuous flooring, fences and lighting are arranged. The width of the carriageway at railway crossings must be at least 4.5 m. Crossings are organized at an angle of 60 - 90 degrees, equipped with sound and light alarms. If there is heavy traffic, barriers are arranged.

Road curvature radii are determined based on the shunting properties of vehicles and road trains. The minimum rounding radius for construction trains is 12 m. In places of roundings, the width of a single-lane road should be increased to 5 m.

Design visibility in the direction of travel for single-lane roads should be at least 50 m, and the side (at the intersection) - at least 35 m.

Temporary roads that pass in the installation area are indicated by hatching on the STS.

Passing through dangerous areas is prohibited.

Temporary structures roads must be designed according to the loads arising from the movement of heavy vehicles.

permanent roads for use during the construction period, it must be performed in two stages. First, roads are made and one layer of asphalt concrete pavement is laid. By the end of construction, the lower layer is being repaired and a new upper layer is being installed.

Temporary road structures depend on specific operating conditions and can be of the following types:

– natural soil profiled;

– ground improved design;

- hard coated

- from prefabricated reinforced concrete inventory slabs.

dirt roads arranged with a low intensity of traffic (up to 3-4 vehicles per hour) in one direction. If the roads are under heavy loads, they are strengthened with gravel, slag, sand-gravel-clay mixture, etc. Gravel filling is carried out with and without a trough device in 1-2 layers with compaction.

P pointed roads for a load of 12 tons are best made from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. The slabs are laid on a 10-20 cm sand bed. Road slabs with prestressing have proven themselves well.

Organization of on-site warehouses

On-site warehouses are organized for temporary storage of materials, structures, products and equipment during the construction process. Storage volumes should be kept to a minimum.

When designing on-site warehouses, the following tasks are solved:

1) determination of the volume of stocks of materials, structures and products to be stored;

2) calculation of the area of ​​warehouses for the main types of material resources;

3) selection of rational types of warehouses and their placement on the construction site.

Temporary roads. For intra-construction transportation, they use mainly road transport.

The construction site must have convenient access roads and internal construction roads for the uninterrupted supply of materials, machinery and equipment throughout the construction at any time of the year and in any weather. Roads are of particular importance in the conditions of in-line construction during the installation of buildings according to hourly schedules. In these cases, the entire course of work depends to a decisive extent on the timely arrangement and quality of the entrances.

permanent roads are constructed in the period after the completion of the vertical planning of the territory, the installation of drainage, drains and other engineering communications. An exception may be shallow communications: cables for outdoor lighting, telephony, dispatching, etc. Prior to the start of road works, it is necessary to carry out work on vertical planning in such a way as to protect the subgrade from destruction. Permanent entrances often do not fully support the construction due to the mismatch of the routing and dimensions. In these cases, arrange temporary roads.

Temporary roads are built simultaneously with those permanent roads that are intended for construction transport: they constitute a single transport network that provides through, ring or dead end movement scheme. Temporary roads are the most expensive part of temporary structures (even with the complete and timely installation of permanent passages, about 1% is spent on the construction of temporary roads, and taking into account the cost of repairing permanent roads, up to 2% of the total estimated cost of construction). Therefore, reducing the cost of construction roads is an important task in the design of SHS.

The construction of permanent and temporary roads should be carried out in the order of priority provided for by the schedules. By the time work begins on the construction of the underground parts of buildings, the entrances to them must be ready.

Design of construction roads. The design of construction roads as part of the SGP is carried out in a certain sequence:

1. Development of a traffic scheme and the location of roads in the plan;

2. Determination of road parameters;

3. Establishment of dangerous zones;

4. Definition of additional conditions;

5. Purpose of road construction;

6. Calculation of the scope of work and the necessary resources.

The scheme of traffic and the location of roads in the plan should provide access to the area of ​​operation of assembly and handling mechanisms, to vertical transport facilities, pre-assembly sites, warehouses, workshops, mechanized installations, amenity premises, etc. When developing a vehicle traffic scheme, as much as possible use existing and planned roads. Construction roads should be circular; Such sites are provided on non-circular sections of permanent existing and projected roads. As the facility enters service, the traffic pattern is reviewed to prevent construction vehicles from moving through the populated part of the residential area or operating business.

When tracing roads, the minimum distances must be observed, m:

Between the road and the storage area - 0.5 ... 1.0;

Between the road and the crane runways - 6.5 ... 12.5 (this distance is taken based on the size of the crane boom and the rational mutual placement of the crane - warehouse - road);

Between the road and the axis of the railway tracks - 3.75 (for normal gauge) and 3.0 (for narrow gauge);

Between the road and the fence enclosing the construction site - at least 1.5;

Between the road and the edge of the trench, based on the properties of the soil and the depth of the trenches, at the standard laying depth for loamy soils - 0.5 ... 0.75, and for sandy - 1.0 ... 1.5.

It is unacceptable to place temporary roads above underground networks and in close proximity to underground utilities laid and to be laid, as this leads to sedimentation of slope soil or backfilling and deformation of roads. If the project provides for the parallel arrangement of temporary roads and communications, then it is recommended first of all to arrange temporary roads in order to use them for the delivery of materials and products for laying networks.

At the SGP, the entrances (exits) of transport, the direction of movement, turns, sidings, parking during unloading, binding dimensions, as well as the places for installing signs that ensure the rational and safe use of transport, must be clearly marked with appropriate conventional signs and inscriptions. All of these elements must have binding dimensions.

Parameters of temporary roads are number of traffic lanes, roadbed and carriageway width, curvature radii, design visibility.

The width of the carriageway of transit roads is taken taking into account the dimensions of the slabs:

Single lane - 3.5 m,

Two-lane with extensions for parking cars during unloading - 6.0 m. When using heavy vehicles with a carrying capacity of 25 ... 30 tons or more (MAZ-525, BelAZ-540, etc.), the width of the carriageway increases to 8 m.

During the design of the SGP, the width of permanent roads should be checked and, if necessary, increased with inventory slabs. On sections of roads where one-way traffic is organized along the ring within sight, but not less than 100 m, platforms are arranged 6 m wide and 12 ... 18 m long. The same platforms are performed in the material unloading zone for any traffic pattern.

The curvature radii of roads are determined on the basis of the shunting properties of motor vehicles and road trains, i.e., their turning ability when moving forward without using reverse gear. Insufficient outer radius of curvature (R = 6...8 m) leads to the destruction of driveways on turns. Such roundings are sufficient when motor vehicles without trailers are used. Modern construction is served by large-sized vehicles: panel and pipe carriers, special tractors for transporting cranes. So, road trains based on MAZ and ZIL vehicles have a carrying capacity of 12 ... 25 ... 30 tons and a length of 9 ... 15 m.

A number of vehicles without trailers, such as YaAZ-210, have two rear axles, as a result of which their length increases to 9 ... 10 m. The curve radii adopted in permanent intra-quarter roads are insufficient and must be increased.

The minimum curvature radius for construction driveways is 12 m. But with this radius, the width of driveways of 3.5 m is insufficient for the movement of road trains, and therefore driveways within curves (overall corridors) must be widened up to 5 m (Fig. 15).

Figure 15. Scheme of road widening when turning at an angle 90°

The design visibility in the direction of travel for single-lane roads should be at least 50 m, and lateral (at the intersection) -35 m.

Dangerous zones of roads are established in accordance with labor protection standards. Dangerous area of ​​the road that part of it is considered that falls within the limits of the cargo movement zone or the installation zone. On the SGP, these road sections are highlighted with double hatching. Passage of vehicles through these sections is prohibited, and detours should be designed at the SGP after drawing the dangerous zone of the road.

Additional conditions in the development of construction roads are aimed at ensuring safe traffic conditions on the roads adjacent to the construction site and at the entrance (exit) to the sites, as well as the rational use of transport within the site. In the first case, this is the designation of the entrance (exit) to the object, speed limit, local narrowing of the road, etc. by appropriate signs in kind and on the SGP drawing.

Construction organizations establish special signs of passages from the main highways to the places of unloading, indicating on the signs the name of the corresponding object (section) and the location of the cargo receiver.

Construction road constructions. Temporary road structures, depending on specific conditions, can be of the following types:

Natural soil profiled;

Ground improved design;

hard coated;

From prefabricated reinforced concrete inventory slabs.

The choice of one or another type of road depends on the intensity of traffic, the type and mass of vehicles, the bearing capacity of the soil and hydrogeological conditions, and is ultimately determined by economic calculation.

Figure 16. Section of a construction dirt profiled road

Dirt profiled roads(Fig. 16) are arranged at low traffic intensity (up to 3 vehicles per hour in one direction) in favorable soil and hydrogeological conditions. Such roads are used in linear construction: in the construction of pipelines, power lines (power lines), for small dispersed objects in rural and civil construction. The profiling of the carriageway is carried out to drain water during precipitation and snowmelt. The transverse slope (40 ... 60%) is performed using a motor grader. Dirt roads can be built in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. Their strength depends on the composition of the soil - the ratio of sand-gravel and clay parts.

dirt roads experiencing heavy loads or in less favorable conditions, strengthen gravel, slag, optimal sand-gravel-clay mixture, clay firing, peat addition, binders (black) and cement. Gravel or other additives are dumped with or without a trough device in one or two layers, followed by compaction with a roller. When strengthening the soil with black binders, the base soil is mixed with binders at the work site or in the factory. In the latter case, soil asphalt is obtained. Soil stabilization with cement gives good results in sandy and sandy loamy soils.

A common way to strengthen roads in clay soils consists of a series of sequentially performed operations: layer-by-layer plowing of roads, giving them the necessary slopes, filling sand with a layer of 4-5 cm, mixing clay with sand using a disc harrow, re-profiling and rolling. This cycle of work is carried out two to four times. On weak soils, swamps and other similar cases, fascin linings (fascines - bundles of rods), a continuous transverse flooring or a rut covering of beams, beds, etc., are arranged.

Temporary roads from cobble stone not satisfied due to their high complexity. Make temporary roads more often crushed stone fraction up to 70 mm.

Construction temporary roads for an installed load of 12 tons per axle are best built from precast concrete slabs. Plates are laid on a sand bed. The attempt to save on the thickness of the sub-base results in large losses due to breakage of road slabs, disruption of traffic and difficulties in removing the slabs at the end of construction. The thickness of the sand layer depends on the group of subgrade soils and the degree of moisture and is assigned about 10 ... 25 cm.

It is necessary to ensure local drainage of surface water from temporary roads by creating slopes when profiling the subgrade, arranging trays, etc.

Usually, reinforced concrete slabs with unstressed reinforcement 16 ... 18 cm thick are used. These slabs, with a large consumption of reinforcement, actually have a one-two-fold turnover instead of the five-six-fold provided in the estimates, which affects the cost of construction and installation works. Prestressed reinforced concrete slabs have significantly better qualities. Although they are somewhat more expensive, due to their three to four times turnover, higher efficiency is achieved.

The safety and quality of roads made of prefabricated slabs are greatly facilitated by welding or rolling of the slabs with a wire rod. This is especially important when tracked vehicles are used on site.

When crossing underground networks, the trenches under the road must be covered to the full depth with sand. If this condition cannot be met, it is necessary to pass the intersection with a certain rise, the value of which should be proportional to the soil loosening coefficient 3. As the soil compacts, this section of the road in the longitudinal direction will take a horizontal position. The connection of plates 1 to each other in these places is absolutely necessary. All this additional work requires little effort and pays for itself. At the last stage of turnover, it is advisable to lay the slabs in a permanent road as a base for an asphalt concrete pavement.

1 - reinforced concrete slabs; 2 - sand; 3 - soil

Picture. 17. Longitudinal section of a temporary slab road at the intersection of a trench filled with soil

The calculation of the volume of work and resources required for the construction of temporary roads is carried out in an explanatory note. In the SGP explication, the volumes of temporary roads for each type are recorded as separate positions.

The construction of temporary roads is carried out in order to provide access to construction sites, or in cases where the main road is closed to civil traffic for repair and construction work. These roads can be either unpaved or consist of a lightweight road structure using materials such as sand, crushed stone, asphalt concrete, cement concrete, precast concrete.

One of the mandatory conditions for the construction of a new facility in Moscow and the Moscow region, if the construction site has not yet created its own road infrastructure necessary for the delivery of construction equipment and materials, are temporary roads. This stage does not yet imply the construction of a full-fledged roadway, so the way out of the situation is a temporary access road. Such a road has a short operational life in comparison with a capital road, because during its construction, low-quality material and construction waste are used. For example, asphalt crumb, concrete or brick battle. However, this service life is quite enough to complete the construction and lay the capital road.
A temporary road is also needed for access to construction sites in swampy or hard-to-reach places, to places of extraction or exploration of minerals, to logging sites. In this case, strip coverings or prefabricated structures from road slabs can be used.

Temporary roads are built for the duration of construction, but very often a temporary road is used for a long time after completion of work, so the construction of a temporary road should be taken more seriously. It is also necessary to consider the possibility of constructing a permanent road on the basis of a temporary one.

During the construction of temporary roads in the city or not difficult conditions of the entrance to the construction site, in order to reduce the cost of building a temporary access road, without compromising quality, construction waste can be used: crushed brick or asphalt chips. The crumb is used as a material for backfilling and strengthening the road, and the brick battle is convenient for strengthening the soil of wetlands and has a low cost, it can often be found for nothing.

As a rule, a temporary road is built as a single-lane, with sidings, and the design is determined depending on the terrain conditions and the load on the roadway. The place of the temporary entrance is chosen with the expectation that heavy vehicles could pass to any point of the construction in any weather conditions and any year.

Prices for the construction of temporary roads

1. Construction of temporary roads from slabs price

1.1 Removing the top layer, installing a road trough

1.2. Sand base device

1.3. Rammer with vibrating roller

1.4. Laying of road slabs PDP 3x1.75

An approximate estimate for the construction of a road from PAG slabs:

	Name of works	Unit ism	Unit price	Quantity	Price per sq.m
1.	Road trough development	cubic meters	400	0,2	80
2.	Sand foundation	cubic meters	1200	0,2	220
4.	Coating of new road slabs PDP 3x1.75 (with delivery)	sq.m	1550	1	1550
Total:					1850

2. Construction of temporary roads at the construction site

3. Construction of roads from brick battle fr. 40-100

An example of a temporary road from a brick battle:

3.1. Removal of the fertile layer, arrangement of a trough

3.2. Backfilling with large rubble (can be replaced with secondary rubble, broken bricks)

3.3. Vibratory rammer

Approximate estimate:

4. Construction of a temporary road with crushed stone and sand base

4.1. Removal of the fertile layer, arrangement of a trough

4.2. Sand base device

4.3. Vibrotamper of sand

4.4. Filling the lower layer of the road from large gravel

4.5. Ramming for foundation strength

4.6. The device of the upper layer of fine gravel

4.7. Vibrotamper with crushed stone roller

An approximate estimate for the construction of a temporary road from crushed stone:

	Name of works	Unit ism	Unit price	Quantity	Price per sq.m
1.	Road trough development	cubic meters	400	0,2	80
2.	Sand base device	cubic meters	1200	0,1	120
3.	The device of the base from crushed limestone fr. 40-70 wedge	cubic meters	2200	0,12	264
4.	The device of a covering from limestone crushed stone fr. 20-40 wedge	cubic meters	2200	0,08	176
Total:					640

5. Construction of an asphalt road from 200 rubles per sq.m.

Also, in the construction of temporary roads, road reinforced concrete slabs are widely used, which make it possible to almost halve the time for the construction of entrances and ensure their durability and reliability. These roads withstand heavy loads even in violation of operating conditions. In addition, reinforced concrete road slabs can be reused without compromising the performance of the roadway. The use of concrete road slabs can be repeatedly dismantled and installed in a new place, making their use very profitable from an economic point of view. For their installation and subsequent dismantling, large resources and time costs are not required: a team of 4 people, a bulldozer and a crane will carry out these road works in a short period of time. After laying, the operational properties of the slab are preserved and the construction of temporary roads can be started in a new place immediately after their dismantling. Road slabs are reinforced with steel reinforcement and made of heavy concrete grades. And therefore, after several years of operation, the bending resistance, hardness and strength of the road slab are preserved. The construction of temporary roads solves many construction problems.

Types of road works provided by our road construction organization:

Construction of temporary roads from all possible materials
- Asphalting roads, sites, warehouses, sidewalks, etc.
- Construction of roads in garden and garage cooperatives, in the territories of enterprises.
- The device of roads, platforms from crushed stone, elimination, an asphalt crumb.
- Installation of road boards and curbs.
- Pothole repair of roads.
- Laying of paving slabs (FEM). Flexible system of discounts!

Schemes of the movement of means of transport and mechanisms.

To perform transport and loading and unloading operations, the movement of construction vehicles performing various construction processes, they design schemes for their movement and temporary roads.

Distinguish between temporary motor roads and roads for self-propelled construction cranes. In some cases, their purpose is the same.

The main scheme of temporary roads at the construction site created during the preparatory period is maintained until the end of the final cycle of the main period, when new roads appear, made according to the permanent scheme of the building project.

At certain stages of work, separate branches can be arranged for the entrance to new sites - storage, installed equipment, lifts, etc.

Changes are reflected in the construction plan or those. maps (diagrams)

production of certain types of work.

Entrances - exits to the construction site from the main roads are provided according to the scheme of permanent roads.

Roads according to the scheme of temporary roads are built at the expense of the cost of construction and installation works (to the detriment of the cost), therefore their length, location, width, design, materials used, and the possibility of reuse are the most important components in determining the minimum costs.

The nature of the location of temporary roads is determined by the planning and design solutions of buildings. See rec. 8.17

During the construction of one-story buildings, temporary roads are arranged on one side of the building, on both sides and around the building

With a width of the building being erected up to 18 m, it is advisable to provide the road on one side, therefore, it can be a dead end.

A turnaround area of ​​at least 12 × 12 m or a loop is provided here.

With a larger side of the building (more than 100 m), ring roads are built, and the location on both sides - with intermediate values ​​of the width of the building.

During construction industrial buildings, except for general site roads, arrange roads along the spans inside the building

The width of the roads depends on the intensity of cargo flows, traffic directions (number of lanes)

One-sided - 3.5 m

Double-sided - 6 m

They can have widenings of at least 3 m for passing and unloading materials and structures. The length of such sections is from 15 to 45 m

Curve radii of temporary roads are accepted for vehicles without trailers - 9 m, with trailers - from 12 to 18 m.

For the transport of some tower cranes, the turning radii of these roads may be even greater.

The distance from the road to the fence or warehouses is assumed to be at least 1.5 m.

Unloading platforms for vehicles are located in the area served by a crane.

Temporary on-site roads can be dirt, gravel or precast concrete slabs (solid or tracked). The choice of type depends on the characteristics of the soil at the construction site. Dirt roads are carried out with dense soils and, if necessary, are compacted with crushed stone. On weaker soils, roads from crushed stone are arranged, on weakly bearing soils from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. Track type roads are made with a track width of at least 0.6 m

Consider temporary roads for vehicles made of reinforced concrete slabs

Dead end road with turnaround

Road widening for parking

Turning schemes from slabs 6× 1.75 m and 3× 1.75

Figure - Types of temporary roads:

A - soil, B - crushed stone, C - solid from reinforced concrete slabs, D - track from precast concrete slabs, 1 - crushed stone, 2 - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs

In order to reduce the cost of temporary structures, when developing a construction plan, if possible, temporary dirt and gravel roads should be located in the places of the designed permanent roads.

The initial data for the design of temporary roads for self-propelled

jib cranes are:

Crane movement pattern

Crane type

Crane loads

Technical (laboratory) conclusions about soils under the road

Technical characteristics of precast concrete slabs or other products (materials) that are used as the base of roads

・Period of the year

Duration of operation

The design of temporary roads for construction cranes is determined by calculating the bearing capacity of soils. For cranes automobile, pneumowheel and on spec. chassis determine the amount of stress in the soil under the outrigger of the crane, which is compared with the allowable for the soil of a given road.

With a lifting capacity of self-propelled jib cranes of 50 tons or more, it is necessary to check by calculation not only the bearing capacity of soils, but also the calculation of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs for bending, because the load on each support can exceed 800 kN.

To check the bearing capacity of the soil under the crane caterpillars, a design scheme is adopted when the installation is carried out with the boom located across the crane caterpillars.

On the construction plan is applied -

· Scheme of roads with indication of dimensions, turning radii, direction of movement, entry-exit, type of surface, places for cleaning and washing wheels, places for installing traffic patterns.

Roads at the construction site require daily cleaning, and vehicles before each exit to permanent roads require not only cleaning, but also washing.

According to the rules for the protection of the natural environment, after washing, dirty water before being discharged into the drains, d.b. cleared.

To solve these problems, at the exit from the construction site, road transport is washed at specially constructed sites with a treatment plant.

Treatment facilities for washing cars are used in two types - underground - made of reinforced concrete

And aboveground - metal

A stand with a traffic flow diagram is placed at the entrance to the construction site. The board shows a plan of the construction site with

Caused by buildings under construction, open and closed warehouses, temporary and permanent roads, traffic directions, fire hydrants, etc.

Active and temporary

underground, overground and air networks and communications

The existing engineering networks are identified on the general plug and geo-base of the construction site. They are considered in two aspects:

transferred and remaining at the construction site for the entire main period of the construction of the building or until the completion of the construction of engineering structures replacing them, after which they are dismantled.

The laying of permanent engineering networks is carried out during the preparatory period, therefore they are shown only on the construction plan of the preparatory period.

Since the existing underground communications have an impact on the adoption of certain decisions when designing the technology for the production of works, it is necessary to take them into account when compiling

· Road design schemes

· Railroad design

Roads for self-propelled jib cranes, etc.

The work of lifting machines in the security zone of power lines

Overhead power lines have a great limitation, which impose severe restrictions on the technology of work due to the formation of zones of permanent hazardous production factors. The dimensions of these zones depend on the voltage in the power line and range from 1.5 - 9 m in each direction from the wires

7.1. Construction and installation work using hoisting machines in the security zone of an operating power line with a voltage of more than 42 volts should be carried out under the direct supervision of the person responsible for the safe performance of work by hoisting machines, with the written permission of the organization owner of the line and the work permit (Appendix 2) for performance of work in places of action of hazardous or harmful factors, issued to the immediate supervisor of the work, and work permits (Appendix 3) for the performance of work by hoisting machines near the overhead power line, issued to the crane operator (operator, driver). When installing lifting machines in the security zone of an overhead power line, it is necessary to remove the voltage from the overhead power line.

7.2. The security zone along the overhead power line in accordance with GOST 12.1.051-90 is established as an airspace above the ground, limited by parallel vertical planes spaced on both sides of the line at a distance from the outermost wires horizontally, indicated in Table 4 and shown in Figure 28.

Table 4 - Security zones along overhead power lines

	Distance, m
	minimum
Up to 1	1,5	1,5
Over 1 to 20	2,0	2,0
Over 20 to 35	2,0	2,0
Over 35 to 110	3,0	4,0
Over 110 to 220	4,0	5,0
Over 220 to 400	5,0	7,0
Over 400 to 750	9,0	10,0
Over 750 to 1150	10,0	11,0

A section of the danger zone of a power line in which the operation of lifting machines is prohibited, but the movement of the crane across the power line is allowed.

A section of the danger zone of a power transmission line in which it is prohibited in all cases to operate hoisting machines, to find people and crane structures when moving without turning off the voltage.

The boundary of the protective zone of the power transmission line (see table 4);

Power line danger zone boundary (see Table 5).

Figure 28 - Operation of cranes in the protected zone of power lines

Table 5 - Hazardous area boundaries

Voltage, kV	Distance from people, tools, fixtures and temporary fences they use, m	Distances from mechanisms and lifting machines in working and transport position, from slings, lifting devices and loads, m
Up to 1	On overhead line	0,6	1,0
	In other electrical installations	Not standardized (no touch)	1,0
1-35	0,6	1,0
60, 110	1,0	1,5
	1,5	2,0
	2,0	2,5
	2,5	3,5
400, 500	3,5	4,5
	5,0	6,0
800 (DC)	3,5	4,5
	8,0	10,0

7.3. The security zone along underground cable transmission lines is established as a piece of land bounded by parallel vertical planes spaced on both sides of the line at a horizontal distance of 1 m from the outermost cables.

7.4. The danger zone along the overhead power line, in which the danger of electric shock operates, is the space enclosed between vertical planes spaced from the extreme live wires at an appropriate distance. The boundaries of hazardous areas within which the danger of electric shock operates are established by SNiP 12-03-2001 (Appendix 4) in the sizes indicated in Table 5.

7.5. If it is justified that it is impossible to remove voltage from the overhead power line, the operation of construction machines in the security zone of the power line is allowed to be carried out provided that the following requirements are met:

a) the distance from the lifting or retractable part of the construction machine in any of its positions to the nearest wire of a live overhead power line must be not less than that specified in table 6.

b) machine bodies, with the exception of caterpillar machines, are grounded using inventory portable grounding.

Table 6 - Permissible distances when operating machines in the security zone of a power transmission line that is energized

Overhead line voltage, kV	Distance, m
	minimum	minimum measurable by technical means
Up to 1	1,5	1,5
Over 1 to 20	2,0	2,0
Over 20 to 35	2,0	2,0
Over 35 to 110	3,0	4,0
Over 110 to 220	4,0	5,0
Over 220 to 400	5,0	7,0
Over 400 to 750	9,0	10,0
Over 750 to 1150	10,0	11,0

7.6. For the performance of work in the areas of action of hazardous production factors, the occurrence of which is not related to the nature of the work performed, a work permit is issued in accordance with the form of Appendix 2.

The work permit is issued to the immediate supervisor of the work (foreman, foreman, etc.) by a person authorized by order of the head of the organization. Before starting work, the work manager is obliged to familiarize the employees with the measures for the safety of work and issue a briefing with an entry in the work permit.

7.7. When performing work in the security zone of the power line or within the gaps established by the rules for the protection of high-voltage electrical networks, a work permit can be issued only with the permission of the organization operating the power line.

7.8. Carrying out work by hoisting machines at a distance of less than 30 m from their lifting retractable part in any of its positions, as well as from the load to the vertical plane formed by the projection onto the ground of the nearest wire of an overhead power line energized by more than 42 V, is carried out according to work permits in accordance with Appendix B, issued to the crane operator (operator, driver) and defining safe working conditions.

7.9. The working conditions of lifting machines in the security zone of power transmission lines or closer than 30 m from the outer wires are developed in the PPR. An application for the operation of a crane in the security zone of a power transmission line is submitted at least 12 days before the start of work to the owner of the power transmission line.

The installation of cranes moving along rail tracks in the security zone of overhead power lines is agreed with the owner of the line. The permit for such an installation for the performance of construction and installation works is stored together with the project for the production of works.

7.10. The operation of jib cranes and loader cranes under non-disconnected contact wires of urban transport can be carried out while maintaining a distance between the crane boom and contact wires of at least 1 m when installing a limiter (stop) that does not allow reducing the specified distance when lifting and moving the boom.

7.11. The work of hoisting machines near power lines is carried out under the direct supervision of the person responsible for the safe performance of work by hoisting machines, who indicates to the crane operator (operator, driver) the place of installation of the hoisting machine and make an entry in the logbook on the permission of work: "Installing a crane (crane-manipulator, lift) in the place indicated by me I checked. I authorize the work "and put my signature and date. *

Safety fences should be installed along the boundaries of the danger zone.

Temporary networks and communications at various stages of building construction may change. However, inputs, releases, main lines are constant.

When designing temporary networks, it is necessary to calculate their power according to the maximum flow rate. At the same time, the connection of temporary networks to permanent ones is carried out taking into account the allocated capacities for construction and the locations of the tie-in points.

On the construction plan they apply:

Permanent and temporary networks

Power lines and hazardous areas from their impact

· Temporary engineering structures.

Placement of permanent, under construction and temporary buildings and structures, storage sites and pre-assembly of structures

Placement of permanent and under construction buildings and structures on the construction general plan is carried out according to the general plan of the facility with a preliminary specification of the situation at the site of the future construction site. Temporary buildings and structures are selected according to the results of the calculation.

The territory within the boundaries of the site allocated for construction is divided into several zones:

Area for the production of the main types of construction work

· Area for the implementation of auxiliary processes (loading and unloading, assembly work, concrete preparation, etc.

Areas for storage of products and materials, pre-assembly

Area for administrative and sanitary facilities

When designing the locations of sites and premises for storing materials and structures, pre-assembly of structures, it is necessary to take into account:

Closed temporary buildings (warehouses, workshops) are placed outside the boundaries of hazardous areas and must have motor vehicle entrances

Open storage areas for products and materials are designed in the areas of operation of cranes, outside areas with permanent hazardous production factors, the danger zone of objects flying off when falling from a building.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the technical characteristics of cranes in terms of the possibility of lifting (unloading) products at the maximum distance on the site

Sites for pre-assembly of structures are located outside the area of ​​operation of the main assembly crane.

Sites for the installation of tower cranes must have minimum dimensions determined by calculation, based on technical characteristics.

Technological scheme for unloading reinforced concrete elements by a self-propelled jib crane and conditions for their storage

1-faucet; 2-motor transport; 3-pyramids for wall panels; 4-place for storing slabs, ceilings; 5 - temporary road; 6 - road widening

In the diagram: the crane location area is located on a special site adjacent to the temporary road, which allows you to position the vehicle and provide the required boom reach.

Storage of structures should be carried out in the area of ​​the tower crane, and more massive structures are located closer to the axis of the crane.

The storage area is provided with aisles in the longitudinal and transverse directions.

Storage areas must have a hard surface, minimal slopes (for water runoff), be flood-free, for which ditches are arranged along the perimeter. They are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs on a layer of sand or have a sand and gravel base.

The building under construction is shown in the form of its contour with the main axes and the axes that determine its configuration and the required dimensions between them.

Permanent and temporary buildings are depicted as their contours.

The platforms additionally have inscriptions for their intended purpose and overall dimensions.

The construction plan shows the movement patterns of workers in the form of pedestrian zones:

Entrance to the construction site

In the sanitary town (dressing rooms)

To jobs

In warehouses, etc.

To lift people to the floors, staircases are used, the construction of which should not lag behind the construction of other structures of the floor (tier) of the building.

At a height of more than 25 m, cargo-passenger lifts are used to lift workers (based on one for one or two sections of the house)

Pedestrian paths are made of gravel-sand mixture or precast concrete slabs. With slopes of more than 20 °, walkways are equipped with ladders or stairs with railings.

Ensuring cleanliness in workplaces and aisles is an indispensable condition for the culture of production and labor productivity of workers.

Construction debris is removed in two ways:

It descends along closed gutters into garbage collectors, under which vehicles are fed after a certain time and garbage is taken out

Cranes (lifts) collected in containers from the floors of the garbage is lowered to specially designated places

In the sanitary area, places are provided for the installation of containers for the purpose of collecting household waste.

The construction plan shows the installation sites of garbage collectors and containers, indicating their dimensions and binding.

Placement of sources and means of power supply and lighting of the construction site, the location of ground loops are indicated on the construction plan in the form of diagrams (according to the calculation)

The minimum amount of temporary power supply for the construction of a building is taken according to the calculation of the required electrical power

and determination of the type of transformer, starting devices, sections, lengths and brands of wires, placement of electrical equipment on the building plan

For the purposes of electrical safety of workers, all metal parts of electrical equipment must be grounded (tower cranes, hoists, switchgears, etc.)

Grounding devices are most often performed along the contours. The construction plan shows the contours, grounding rods, their dimensions, the distance between them, connecting conductors, jumpers between rails of crane tracks, etc.

To ensure the accuracy of the geometric parameters of the buildings under construction, a geodetic staking base is created at the construction site in the form of a staking network with offset along the contour of the main axes of the building.

During the construction of a group of buildings, the locations of the signs of the planned and high-altitude centering base are shown.

During the construction of individual buildings on the construction plan, only signs of fixing the main axes of the building are shown - at least 4 for each axis. The signs of the high-altitude center base are combined with the planned base and placed at a distance of at least 1.5 H (height) of the building.

4.10. Axial signs, as a rule, should be shown at a distance of 15 - 30 m from the contour of the building.

The smallest distance is allowed 3 m from the edge of the pit, the border of the prism of soil collapse; the largest is one and a half height of the building, structure, but not more than 50 m.

The distance between the axial signs, fixing the intermediate transverse axes, can reach 50 - 100 m.

When fixing the marking axes of tunnels, flyovers, retaining walls, which are of considerable length, intermediate signs should be shown on the longitudinal axes also after 50-100 m.

An example with a forced limitation of the service area is given in Figure 27. The diagram shows the limitation of the service area by a crane using a forced limitation of the angle of rotation of the boom in cramped conditions.

1 - border of the crane service area; 2 - the boundary of the zone dangerous for people during the movement, installation and fixing of elements and structures; 3 - line limiting the service area by a crane; 4 - warning line about limiting the service area by a crane; 5 - the boundary of the danger zone from the building under construction; 6 - platform for receiving mortar and concrete mix; 7 - location of the control cargo; 8 - a place for storing removable load-handling devices and containers; 9 - a place for collecting construction waste; 10 - parking place for transport under unloading; 11 - platform for tilting columns; 12 - stand with slinging schemes and a table of masses of goods; 13 - crane power supply cabinet; 14 - grounding rail crane tracks; 15 - connecting conductors; 16 - footpaths; 17 - entrance to the construction site; 18 - departure from the construction site; 19 - direction of traffic; 20 - temporary road; 21 - storage area for materials and structures; 22 - rail crane tracks; 23 - temporary wooden fence; 24 - temporary picket fence; 25 - sign N 2 limiting the service area by a crane; 26 - a sign warning about the operation of the crane; 27 - point for washing the wheels of vehicles.) in the area between the extreme parking lots of the crane on the rail crane track according to Figure 12.

1 - fencing of the construction site; 2 - the border of the danger zone near the building under construction; 3 - the boundary of the zone dangerous for people during the movement, installation and fixing of elements and structures *; 4 - border of the crane service area; 5 - tower crane; 6 - sanitary facilities.

________________

* - the boundary of the danger zone is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.4 of these "Instructions ...".

The symbols used in the figures are presented in Appendix G.

Figure 12 - Zone boundaries during operation of tower cranes

5.3. The boundaries of the service areas of jib cranes and loader cranes are determined by the maximum reach () according to Figure 13.

1 - fencing of the construction site; 2 - the border of the danger zone near the building under construction; 3 - the boundary of the zone dangerous for people during the movement, installation and fastening of elements and structures in one parking lot *; 4 - the same, taking into account all parking lots; 5 - border of the crane service area; 6 - boom crane.

________________

* - the boundary of the danger zone is determined in accordance with clause 5.4. of these "Instructions ...".

Figure 13 - Zone boundaries during operation of a jib crane (crane-manipulator)

Construction site power supply and outdoor lighting

The power supply of the construction site is carried out in accordance with the construction organization project from the source specified in the approval for the development of project documentation. As a rule, this is the closest transformer substation. If necessary, due to lack of capacity, the reconstruction of the substation is envisaged.

All work related to the provision of an object under construction with electricity is carried out during the preparatory period. A switchboard is installed at the construction site at the point indicated on the construction plan.

Lighting of the construction site is carried out from the installed switchboard. As fixtures, outdoor lighting lamps or Injectors are used, installed in places that exclude their damage during construction and installation works.

Illumination of the construction site must comply with approved standards.

Temporary water supply and sanitation

Temporary water supply is carried out from the source provided for by the construction organization project, agreed at the design stage with the owner of the existing water supply network. A temporary water supply is inserted into a pipe passing inside the well with the installation of a shut-off valve and a water flow meter - a water meter.

In the case where the existing pipeline does not provide additional flow, it is necessary to replace the pipes with a larger diameter.

With a significant removal of the facility under construction from the existing water supply network, water from a drilled well can be used for the period of work. In exceptional cases, with small volumes of work, the use of imported water is allowed.

Drainage, necessary for the operation of amenity premises, can be made into an existing sewerage system passing near the construction site. In the absence of such a drain, it can be organized into a cesspool.

Currently, dry closets are widely used, the number of which on the site is determined depending on the maximum number of workers per shift.

Technological maps for the performance of certain types of work

The technical map is an integral part of the organizational and technological documentation for the production of works on the construction of buildings and should form an independent section of the production project.

Main sections

1. Scope (description of production methods)

2. Material and technical resources:

The need for material resources

Need for technical resources

Selection of an assembly crane according to technical and economic indicators

3 Hourly (or shift) installation schedule of standard cells

4 Calculation of labor costs and machine time

5 Technology and organization of the complex installation process

6 Quality requirements. Operational quality control of works

7 Safety

8 Technical and economic indicators according to the technological map

Technological maps are developed according to the types of work for construction processes, as a result of which finished structural elements are created, as well as parts of buildings, etc.

Table 24

Depth	Priming
notches,	sandy	sandy loamy	loamy	clayey
	Distance to the machine support, m
		1,25
			3,25	1,75
			4,75

The construction site in the city must be fenced to prevent access by unauthorized persons. The design of the fences must meet the requirements of GOST 23407-78. Fences adjacent to places of mass passage of people must be equipped with a continuous protective visor.

At the entrance to the construction site, a scheme for the movement of vehicles is established. The speed of vehicles near the work sites should not exceed 10 km/h on straight sections and 5 km/h on turns.

6.6. The placement of on-site warehouses should be carried out taking into account the location of access roads and entrances from the main transport routes to the places of acceptance and unloading of materials. On-site warehouses of prefabricated elements, enlarged by design, materials, semi-finished products, etc. must be located in the area of ​​​​the crane.

The width of the mechanized on-site warehouse is set up depending on the parameters of the loading and unloading machines and usually does not exceed 10 m. the other side (when placing the warehouse on both sides of the tower crane).

When placing warehouses, one should be guided by the decisions made in the technological maps and schemes for the production of work.

In open warehouses, when storing products, structures and semi-finished products, it is necessary to provide longitudinal and transverse aisles with a width of at least 0.7 m, while transverse aisles should be arranged every 25 - 30 m.

Open warehouses with flammable and highly dusty materials should be located on the leeward side in relation to other buildings and structures (depending on the direction of the prevailing winds) and no closer than 20 m from them. All warehouses must be at least 0.5 m from the edge of the road.

The location of products and structures (in case it is impossible to carry out installation from vehicles) must correspond to the technological sequence of installation.

6.7. The placement of mechanized installations should be linked to the placement of warehouses and cranes.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that concrete and mortar mixing plants are such construction facilities at a construction site, the location of which determines the main volume of on-site transportation.

In case of tightness of the territory, insufficiency of the outreach of the tower crane, as well as in the case of using automobile, pneumatic wheel or crawler cranes during the construction of the facility, mechanized installations can be located on the free territory of the site, while it is advisable to deliver concrete and mortar to the place of laying in removable bunkers using forklifts .

6.8. Intra-construction roads at the construction site must ensure the smooth operation of warehouses and mechanized installations. On the construction master plan, the general decisions on the arrangement of access roads, adopted on the construction master plan as part of the construction organization project, are clarified.

When designing temporary intra-construction roads, the width of the carriageway and the number of traffic lanes are determined depending on the type of vehicles and the category of roads and are taken for traffic in one direction - 3.5 and in two directions - 6 m. The width of the passages is taken for people without cargo 1 m and with load - 2 m.

For intra-construction needs, first of all, the designed permanent roads should be used. Permanent roads are calculated for the possible intensity of the passage of construction vehicles and, if necessary, their strengthening is provided. The upper asphalt layer is laid only after the completion of the main construction works, as a rule, during the period of landscaping in accordance with the decisions of the PPR. In the case of using temporary roads, the construction of intra-quarter permanent roads, as well as marks, platforms and footpaths to buildings with access to city highways, must be completed 5 days before the object is put into operation.

The width of the traffic lane and the carriageway of roads is up to 2.7 m. When using vehicles up to 3.4 m wide (MAZ-525, MAZ-530), the width of the carriageway increases to 4 and 8 m, respectively. The main characteristics of the roads are given in Table. 25.

Table 25

Parameter	Indicators for the number of traffic lanes, m
Lane width
Roadway Width
subgrade width
The smallest radius of curves in the plan	12 - 18	12 - 18

In the areas of unloading materials and structures on one-way roads, platforms 3–6 m wide and 8–18 m long are arranged every 100 m. At the intersection with the railway, the width of the roadway must be at least 4.5 m and have both sides at a distance of 25 m hard coating.

Temporary roads can be of several types - eu-test-ven-nye dirt profiled or with improved coverage with mineral materials; transitional with a hard coating (gravel, crushed stone, slag); improvement-shen-stvo-van-nye (from prefabricated inventory reinforced concrete slabs, wooden shields, steel plates). The most massive are roads made of reinforced concrete slabs. Technical and economic indicators of inventory reinforced concrete slabs are given in Table. 26.

Table 26

Index	Go-no-tsa change---	Reinforced concrete slabs
	rhenium	PD 1-6	PD 2-6	PD 1-9.5	PD 2-9.5	PD 3-23
Dimensions		1,5´ 1.75´ 0.18	1,5´ 1.75´ 0.18	1,5´ 1.75´ 0.18	1,5´ 3´ 0.18	1,5´ 3´ 0.22
Weight
The volume of ma-te-ri-ala	m 3	0,46		0,46	0,97	0,97
turnover
Normative load on the wheel

The choice of the type and design of temporary roads is carried out depending on the type of vehicles and the load.

The network of intra-construction roads should be looped. In the areas of action of assembly cranes, roads should be arranged in compliance with the requirements of building safety regulations and with the installation of barriers and warning signs at the entrances to hazardous and assembly areas.

When placing roads and driveways, it is necessary that the distance to any building or structure from roads and driveways does not exceed 25 m.

Permanent and temporary sidewalks and crossings are used as pedestrian routes and crossings. The width of temporary sidewalks and crossings is assumed to be 1 - 2 m. The type and design of temporary sidewalks are selected based on the soil and hydrogeological conditions of the territory, traffic intensity and duration of operation. The most appropriate are sidewalks made of prefabricated inventory concrete (30´ 30´ 6, 40´ 40´ 6 cm) and reinforced concrete (320´ 160´ 12, 300´ 160´ 12, 75´ 75´ 6 cm) slabs. Transitions through trenches and ditches are carried out using inventory bridges with a fence (width 0.8 - 1 m, length 3 m, weight 100 - 150 kg).

6.9. Temporary (mainly inventory) industrial, sanitary, administrative buildings and warehouse buildings should be located in such a way as to provide safe and convenient approaches to them for workers and maximum blocking of buildings among themselves, which helps to reduce the cost of connecting buildings to communications and operating costs. Temporary buildings must be brought closer to existing communications in the following order: to sewer, water supply, electricity supply; te-le-fo-ni-za-tion and radio. This procedure reduces labor costs and shortens the time for completing the work of the preparatory period.

Sanitary and administrative buildings, as well as approaches to them, should be located outside the dangerous zones of operation of construction machines, mechanisms and vehicles. Amenity premises should be located at a distance of at least 50 m and on the windward side of the prevailing winds in relation to objects that emit dust, harmful gases and vapors (bunkers, mortar concrete installations, etc.). Sanitary facilities in the form of "towns" should be placed near the entrances to the construction site so that workers can use them before and after work, bypassing the work area. Near amenity premises, it is necessary to provide for the arrangement of landscaped areas for recreation.

Dressing rooms, washrooms, shower rooms, rooms for drying clothes and dedusting, canteens can be placed in one building (block), providing communication between them. When placing these premises in trailers or containers, they are placed side by side and, if possible, blocked.

Dressing rooms are intended for storing street, home and work clothes. Closed separate storage of clean and work clothes in double lockers is preferable. Blocks of cabinets should be arranged with aisles between rows with a width of at least 1 m, and when arranging seats in the aisles - at least 1.5 - 1.7 m.

Premises for dust removal of overalls are made based on the largest shift only for those working in conditions of large amounts of dust (when working in mortar concrete units, grinding building materials, etc.).

Premises for personal hygiene of women are arranged when the total number of working women is more than 15 people; the room should consist of a reception room, a dressing room with a restroom and a treatment room.

In accordance with the norms of medical care, with a number of employees of 300 - 800 people, a paramedic's station should be provided, and with a number of employees of 800 - 2000 people - a medical station. Medical posts should be located in the same block with amenity premises, while observing the maximum distance from them to the most remote workplaces of 600 - 800 m. The first-aid post should be provided with an entrance for motor vehicles.

Flush latrines should be located near sewer wells. In the absence of a flush sewer, mobile latrines with hermetic containers are used. Pit latrines can be arranged only with the permission of the sanitary authorities.

Fire breaks between permanent and temporary buildings and structures, as well as between warehouses and buildings (structures) must be taken in accordance with the requirements of fire safety rules.

The construction master plan should show the dimensions of temporary buildings; their binding in the plan; places of connection of communications to buildings or structures. In the explication of temporary buildings and structures, it is necessary to indicate: the number of the temporary building; size in plan, volume in physical units, m 2, m 3; brand and design.

6.10. Designing a temporary water supply network after determining the need for water begins with the selection of a source. Sources of temporary water supply can be:

existing water pipelines with the device, if necessary, additional temporary structures;

designed water pipelines, subject to their commissioning under a permanent or temporary scheme in the required time;

independent temporary sources of water supply - reservoirs and artesian wells.

Fire tanks should be arranged on the sites in cases where the water supply system does not provide the calculated amount of water for fire extinguishing. Water conduits from pumping stations and the distribution network are made of asbestos-cement or steel pipes laid in the ground or on the surface of the ground. The distribution network can also be made of rubber hoses and fabric sleeves.

When designing a temporary network, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of successive extension and re-laying of pipelines as construction progresses. Temporary water supply networks are arranged according to ring, dead-end or mixed schemes. The ring system with a closed loop provides uninterrupted water supply in case of possible damage in one of the sections and is more reliable. The dead-end system consists of a main line, from which there are branches to water consumption points. The mixed system has an internal closed loop, from which branches are laid to consumers.

Linking the temporary water supply network consists in designating on the construction master plan the places where the route of the temporary water supply is connected to the source, the facilities on the route (pumping stations, wells, hydrants) and dispensing devices in the working area or inputs to consumers. Wells with fire hydrants are placed taking into account the possibility of laying sleeves from them to the fire extinguishing site at a distance of no more than 150 m with high pressure water supply and 100 m with low pressure. The distance between hydrants should be no more than 150 m. Hydrants should be located at a distance: to buildings - no closer than 5 m and no further than 50 m; from the edge of the road - no more than 2.5 m.

6.11. Work on the construction of a temporary sewer network requires significant labor costs, and in this regard, it is arranged in cases of construction of especially large and complex facilities. To drain storm and conditionally clean industrial waters, open drains are arranged in the ground. At a construction site with a fecal sewer network, canalized inventory toilets of a mobile or container type should be used, placing them near sewer wells. Temporary water supply should be connected to such a bathroom and electric lighting should be arranged. If there is no fecal sewer network at the construction site, then the bathrooms should be arranged with a cesspool. with a significant amount of wastewater requiring treatment, it is necessary to arrange septic tanks. Temporary sewer networks are made of asbestos-cement, reinforced concrete and ceramic pipes.

6.12. The design of a temporary power supply network is carried out in two stages. First of all, the optimal source location point is found, which coincides with the center of electrical loads, and then the power supply network is traced. The optimal placement of the source allows you to reduce the length of networks, the mass of wires, their cost and losses in electrical network. Power supply of lighting and power current collectors is carried out from the general main networks.

Air trunk lines are arranged primarily along the driveways, which makes it possible to use poles of outdoor lighting fixtures for the construction site for their installation and facilitates operating conditions.

Overhead power lines must be removed from construction vehicles and other mechanisms horizontally at the following distances, m:

at voltages up to 1 kV - 1.5;

at a voltage of 1 - 20 kV - 2;

at a voltage of 35 - 100 kV - 4;

at voltage up to 154 kV - 6;

at a voltage of 330 - 500 kV - 9.

6.13. The development of construction master plans is carried out on the basis of a comparison of their various options in order to achieve the most rational composition and location of all elements of the construction industry, which ensure minimal transport costs and costs for temporary buildings, engineering equipment of the construction site, engineering networks, permanent and temporary roads compliance with current technical conditions and design standards.

The significant duration of the erection of temporary buildings and structures in the preparatory period in many cases is the main reason for exceeding the directive and regulatory deadlines for construction, which negatively affects the cost of work and the efficiency of capital investments in general. Reducing the cost of temporary buildings and structures is possible both by maximizing the use of permanent facilities (existing and designed, erected in the first place) for the needs of construction, and by introducing progressive inventory buildings of factory production. Reducing the cost of temporary structures is also achieved by the right choice of a volumetric design solution (type) of an inventory building in accordance with the period of its stay at the facility.

It should be borne in mind that the indicator of the effectiveness of a particular temporary building is not its initial cost, but the sum of the costs of manufacturing the building, taking into account its turnover, installation, dismantling and transportation costs. Non-inventory temporary buildings that are used, as a rule, once should be considered the least economical.

The effectiveness of the use of inventory buildings depends directly on their turnover. The higher the turnover of the building, the lower the actual costs associated with its use on the construction site. In this regard, the following terms for the use of inventory buildings at one site can be roughly accepted, months:

for mobile buildings - up to 6;

for container buildings - 12 - 18;

for collapsible buildings - 18 - 36.

Reducing these periods increases the efficiency of the use of inventory buildings, and their lengthening leads to additional costs.

7. Technological maps (schemes) for the production of works

7.1. Technological maps are developed for the performance of certain types of work, the results of which are finished structural elements or parts of buildings and structures, which include schemes for operational quality control, a description of work methods, labor costs and the need for materials, machines, equipment, devices and protective equipment for workers. The development of technological maps should be carried out in accordance with the "Guidelines for the development of standard technological maps in construction" (M., 1976).

7.2. For homogeneous buildings and structures of simple design, erected using standard building structures and serial technological equipment with a limited number of organizations involved in design and construction, as a rule, standard technological maps are developed; for buildings and structures with various atypical space-planning and complex design solutions, difficult or cramped conditions for the production of work, in which it is necessary to use special auxiliary structures, devices and installations that require the participation of a large number of organizations in the construction - ex-pe-ri-men are being developed - tal technological maps. Experimental maps are always developed in relation to a specific object.

7.4. Technological maps are developed according to the working drawings of a building or structure in accordance with the technical solutions incorporated in the development of the PIC in organizational and technological schemes and using advanced domestic and foreign experience that meets the modern technological level.

8. Geodetic support of construction and installation works

8.1. To draw up the geodetic part of the project for the production of works in housing and civil construction, the initial data are: the master plan of the existing and planned development; data on the geodetic base of the construction site, including the red lines, and the layout of the buildings under construction; construction master plan of the site to be built; vertical layout project; data on the number of storeys and structures of buildings; plans and sections of foundations and standard floors.

8.2. In the assignment for the development of the geodetic part of the project for the production of works, the following should be indicated: the name of the organizations - the customer, general contractor, subcontractors; name, location of the object, its characteristics and purpose; stakeout data; types of work to be included in the geodetic part of the project for the production of works; special requirements not reflected in the regulatory documentation for the accuracy of construction and installation works; a list of materials for the geodetic part of the project for the production of works (text, calculation, graphic); the sequence of drawing up the geodetic part of the project for the production of work on individual buildings, the timing of the issuance of materials.

8.3. When developing the geodetic part of the project for the production of works, it is recommended to provide approximately the following sequence of work.

1. For the preparatory period:

creation of a planned and high-rise justification; fixing the callouts of the main axes with signs; installation and determination of marks of benchmarks; breakdown and fixing of the intermediate axes of the structure.

2. For the underground part of the building:

breakdown of the contour of the pit and transfer of axes and heights to the bottom of the pit; transfer of axes and heights to cast-offs; marking work in the construction of foundations and pile fields.

3. For the above-ground part of the building:

transfer of the main axes and marks to the base and mounting horizons; detailed breakdown and fixing of axes and marks on the mounting horizon; breakdown and fixing of risks for the installation of elements; installation of beacons; reconciliation in the process of installing building structures in the design position; production of executive survey and preparation of reporting documentation.

4. For engineering networks:

planned breakdown of networks; control over the depth of excerpts of trenches, planned and high-altitude installation of communications; performance surveys of laid networks.

5. For installation of technological equipment:

determination of the design position of the equipment; control during installation and fixing; executive shooting.

6. For vertical layout:

determination and fixing of zero work lines; tracing lines of a given slope, fixing points; transfer and fixation in nature of design planes; executive surveys of the planned territories.

8.4. In the geodetic part of the project for the production of works, a special place should be given to the composition and content of the documentation, which includes: executive geodetic schemes, drawings, profiles, sections; acts of geodetic breakdowns and readiness of work; journal of geodetic control; acts of geodetic verification; field journals.

Executive geodetic documentation is divided into internal and acceptance. Internal as-built documentation is drawn up for an unfinished construction and installation stage and is one of the grounds for issuing a permit for construction and installation works by the chief engineer of the construction department (and organizations equated to it). Internal as-built documentation includes: as-built schemes for laying out the contours of pits; acts and executive schemes for the breakdown of intermediate axles; acts of breakdown of pile fields; acts and executive schemes for formwork prepared for concreting; acts of detailed geodetic breakdown on mounting horizons for mounting a tier, basement, floor; executive schemes for leveling concrete preparations for floors; working schemes for the installation of beacons.

Internal as-built documentation can be drawn up for other preparatory types of work. The procedure for its registration is established by the chief engineer of the construction and installation organization. It is not presented to the working and State commissions when the facility is put into operation.

Acceptance-delivery as-built documentation is compiled for the completed stage of construction and installation works and presented to architectural supervision, Gosarchstroykontrol bodies, general contracting (subcontracting) organizations, the customer, workers and state commissions for the acceptance of the object into operation.

Acceptance-delivery as-built documentation includes: planning-altitude schemes for all types of engineering communications; planning and high-altitude schemes and acts for the finished pit, roadbed and other earthworks; planned high-altitude schemes of pile fields; planning and high-rise schemes and acts of finished foundations (pile, prefabricated, monolithic, etc.); planning-high-altitude schemes of columns; floor-by-floor planning and high-rise schemes of buildings and structures in brick, large-block, large-panel execution; plan-altitude schemes for elevator shafts; planning and high-rise schemes and acts of roads; plan-high-rise schemes for improvement.

Geodetic as-built documentation should be in the production and technical department of the construction and installation organization and with the customer. When putting the object into operation, a copy is presented, located in the production and technical department.

9. Safety Solutions

9.1. The composition and content of safety decisions in work execution projects must comply with the requirements of SNiP III-4-80.

9.2. When developing a calendar plan for the production of work, it is necessary to provide for such a sequence of work that any of the work performed is not a source of industrial danger for simultaneously performed or subsequent work.

The deadlines for the performance of work and the need for labor resources should be established taking into account the provision of a safe sequence of work and the time for the implementation of measures to ensure conditions for the safe production of work (temporary fastening of elements of building structures in the design position, arrangement of slopes or fastenings of walls of excavations in the ground, installation of temporary protective fencing when working at height, etc.).

9.3. On the construction master plan, danger zones should be indicated near the places where goods are moved by lifting and transport equipment, near a building or structure under construction, as well as an overhead power line.

The boundaries of hazardous areas should be established in accordance with the requirements of SNiP III-4-80, and, if necessary, determined by the calculation, which should be given in the explanatory note.

The construction master plan should indicate the locations of sanitary facilities, roads and pedestrian roads, determined taking into account hazardous areas, the location of lighting sources and the fencing of the construction site.

9.4. Sanitary facilities, roads and passages for workers should be located outside the hazardous areas.

In the event that temporary roads are located in the zone of cargo movement by a crane, decisions should be made on the installation of a signal fence, inscriptions or road signs warning about entering a dangerous zone.

9.5. Illumination of the construction site must be designed in accordance with the Instructions for the Design of Electric Lighting of Construction Sites.

Lighting should be provided for working, security and emergency.

The calculation of illumination should be given in the explanatory note.

9.6. When choosing a fence for the territory of the construction site and work areas, the requirements of GOST 23407-78 should be taken into account.

9.7. In technological maps or schemes for the performance of certain types of work, when determining the sequence and methods of performing work, it is necessary to take into account the hazardous zones that arise during the work.

If it is necessary to perform work in hazardous areas, the technological map should provide for measures to protect workers from the effects of industrial hazards.

9.8. The placement of construction vehicles should be determined in such a way as to provide space for viewing the working area and maneuvering, subject to maintaining a safety distance near an unreinforced excavation, stacks of goods, equipment.

The choice of means of mechanization should ensure that the technical characteristics of the machine correspond to the conditions for the production of work.

9.9. Placement of workplaces should be designed on stable and durable structures, taking into account the action of hazardous areas.

When organizing workplaces, the issues of equipping them with collective protection means, rational technological equipment, small-scale mechanization means, mechanized tools, and devices to ensure safe work performance should be resolved.

When organizing workplaces at height, collective protection equipment should be used - enclosing and trapping devices.

Fencing of workplaces should be arranged if the height of the workplace from the ground is 1.3 m or more, and the distance from the edge of the height difference is less than 2 m.

9.10. The main requirements for fencing during the construction of the above-ground part of the building are:

reusable, easy to install and dismantle;

reliability of the attachment point of the fence to the elements of building structures.

9.11. When using scaffolding, inventory structures that meet the regulatory and technical documentation should be used.

Non-standard scaffolding should be used if they are made according to a project approved in the prescribed manner.

9.12. Slinging methods for transportable structures must prevent sliding of the transported load.

The calculation of flexible slings is carried out in accordance with paragraph 107 of the Rules for the Arrangement and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes.

9.13. In technological maps for the production of earthworks, you should indicate:

ways to ensure soil stability when arranging pits or trenches;

safety measures when installing construction machines, placing materials or soil along the edges of trenches and pits;

solutions that ensure the immutability of the situation and the safety of existing communications.

9.14. The conditions that determine the possibility of ensuring the stability of the vertical walls of recesses without fasteners are specified in SNiP III-4-80.

If the specified values ​​are exceeded, as well as in the presence of cramped working conditions and in soils saturated with water, it is necessary to provide for fasteners.

With a depth of excavation of more than 3 m, the calculation of the fastenings of the excavations should be given in the explanatory note.

9.15. When carrying out excavation work in the conditions of intersection of existing communications, it is necessary to provide special devices that ensure the invariability of the position and the safety of existing communications.

Mechanical excavation is allowed at a distance of at least 2 m from the side wall and at least 1 m above the top of the pipe, cable, etc.

The soil remaining after mechanized mining should be finished manually without the use of percussion tools.

9.16. The possibility of placing building materials and machines along the edges of the recesses should be established by calculation, the strength of the fastening of the recesses is determined taking into account the magnitude and dynamics of the load created.

9.17. Technological maps for the production of installation work should contain specific instructions to prevent the danger of falling from a height, falling structures, products or materials when they are moved by a crane or if they lose stability during installation or storage.

9.18. When erecting brick and frame-panel buildings, it is recommended to use protective devices using net materials designed by TsNIIOMTP.

9.19. In the case of using a safety belt, the technological map should contain instructions on how to fix it. For the convenience of work with the use of a safety belt, safety ropes or safety devices should be used.

As a safety device for fastening a carabiner of a safety belt during the construction of residential and civil buildings, a device developed by the Mosorgstroy trust, Mosstroykomiteta is recommended, consisting of a drum with a guide rope wound inside, a drum handle for rope tension, a stopper for fixing the length of the rope and two carabiners for fixing a free the end of the rope and the drum itself to the mounting loops of structural elements. Transfer ropes are connected to the guide rope.

The safety belt carabiner can be attached either to the guide rope or to the transition ropes.

No more than three people are allowed to join the guide rope. The mass of the device is 15 kg.

9.20. When choosing load-handling devices, it is necessary to provide for the use of structures that have devices for remote unslinging of goods and ensuring safe working conditions for unslinging structures.

9.21. When choosing mounting equipment, preference should be given to devices that allow you to combine the simultaneous execution of several work operations (for example, alignment and temporary fixing of structures) or to increase the safety of the operation being performed.

As mounting equipment used for temporary fastening of wall panels, it is recommended to use the Mosorgstroy brace, which provides fastening of the panel without the use of scaffolding.

For temporary fixing of balcony slabs, a device of the Orgtekhstroy trust of the Ministry of Construction of the BSSR is recommended, which allows temporary fastening of a balcony slab from the floor slab, and not under the installed slab, as when using traditional racks.

9.22. When developing technological maps for the production of stone works, solutions should be provided to prevent the collapse of structures under construction, as well as the fall of workers from a height.

9.23. To prevent the collapse of masonry and working flooring, technological maps should indicate (provide): the maximum height of free-standing stone walls; temporary fastening of erected walls with a height above the maximum allowable; permissible loads on the working floor and their placement schemes.

9.24. Technological maps for stone work performed at negative temperatures should contain solutions to ensure labor safety during the laying process, performed by the freezing method, as well as during the thawing period.

The map indicates: the maximum allowable height of masonry walls and pillars for the period of thawing; temporary fastenings for unloading load-bearing structures and piers; ways to reinforce walls, pillars and other structures, if there is a need for such reinforcement; the time of keeping individual elements of structures (arches of vaults) at negative temperatures in solutions with or without chemical additives before they are stripped and loaded.

9.25. To prevent injury to workers by a falling object when performing stone work, technological maps must provide for the installation of protective flooring.

9.26. Technological maps for finishing work should contain specific instructions for preventing exposure to harmful substances, as well as fire prevention measures when working with flammable and combustible materials.

9.27. The explanatory note should indicate: calculation of hazardous areas; selection of the type of fencing of the construction site; calculation of the illumination of the construction site, work areas and workplaces, the choice of lamps; calculation of fastenings of the walls of the recesses; description of the methods and sequence of work; a list of load-handling devices, mounting equipment, tools, containers, ladders, protective equipment for workers; list of measures to ensure labor safety in hazardous areas.

9.28. To calculate the boundaries of hazardous areas arising from falling objects near a building under construction, one should be guided by SNiP III-4-80; formula can be used

where X- effective cross-sectional area of ​​the falling object, m 2 ; m- mass of the falling object, kg; g- free fall acceleration, m/s 2 ; H- fall height, m; V o is the horizontal component of the object's falling velocity.

9.29. When determining the danger zone arising from falling objects when moving a load by a crane, one should be guided by SNiP III-4-80; formula can be used

, (33)

where S- the value of the maximum possible departure of the structure away from the initial position of its center of gravity with the possibility of its free fall, m; l- length of slings, m; j - angle between the vertical and the sling, degrees; n- half the length of the structure, m; h- the height of the fall of the structure above the ground level, the mounting horizon, m.

Execution organization documentation

production program of the construction

organizations

10. Development of a work schedule

10.1. The main decisions on organizing the implementation of the production program of a construction organization are developed in order to fulfill the planned scope of work and commission facilities with the highest technical and economic indicators with a high quality of work based on linking the activities of general construction and special units and teams; timely provision of scope of work; high level of planned reliability of construction production; timely delivery of material and technical resources; balancing the plans and production capacity of the construction department through the development of interconnected projects for the production of work for the construction of individual objects of the production program.

Documentation for the organization of work of the annual (two-year) program of the construction organization is developed by the general contracting construction and installation organization and approved by its management. For certain types of general construction, installation and special works, the documentation is developed by the subdivision that performs these works and coordinates it with the general contracting construction organization.

The calendar plan for the production of works for the annual program of the construction and installation association (combine) is formed for all divisions of the organization (construction departments, sites), as well as subcontractors and customers.

In the calendar plan, the issues of the order of construction of objects of the annual production program are resolved and the needs for resources are determined, the capacity of subcontractors is established.

The main task of the calendar plan is the rational use of available production resources while observing the directive or regulatory construction deadlines.

10.2. The formation of the work schedule is carried out taking into account:

ensuring timely engineering preparation of the construction site;

application of progressive forms and methods of organizing work in a continuous flow, planning and managing construction in order to comply with regulatory deadlines;

the optimal level of organizational and technological reliability of construction production;

specialization and zoning of the activities of construction departments;

complex development of residential areas and microdistricts;

optimization of organizational and technological solutions for material and technical resources.

For the formation of the calendar plan, the initial information is used: conditionally constant, reference and variable.

Conditionally permanent information includes:

projects of intra-construction title lists, protocols-orders from customers for commercial construction products and the volume of construction and installation works, commissioning of residential buildings and cultural and community facilities;

design and estimate documentation in accordance with SNiP 1.02.01-85, approved by the customer and accepted by the contractor in the prescribed manner for the volume of construction and installation work of the planned year, providing for advanced technology for the construction of facilities and providing the possibility of timely ordering material resources, including construction organization projects ;

activities of the plan for technical development and increase in production efficiency;

five-year and two-year plans for housing and civil construction in the city;

a sequence diagram for the development of residential areas of the city, detailed planning projects, a plan of city-wide measures for preparing the territory and laying main engineering networks and communications, a consolidated calendar plan for the development of residential areas of the city for 2-5 years, construction organization projects (COS) as part of development projects for microdistricts and quarters, typical organizational and technological models (OTM) and standard optimized calendar plans for the construction of individual housing and civil facilities;

construction conditions, specialization of divisions of construction and installation organizations, capacity of construction and installation organizations for the manufacture and construction of buildings of various series.

Reference information includes:

regulatory deadlines for the construction of facilities and norms of the reserve;

production standards for the consumption of material and technical resources, the duration and labor intensity of the construction of residential and civil buildings;

technical parameters of construction machines and mechanisms, devices, electrified tools.

Variable information includes data:

on the performance of construction and installation works for the period preceding the planned one (year, quarter);

on the availability of labor resources of the organization (construction departments) for all specialized (complex) teams - number, professional and qualification composition;

on the achieved output (shift, monthly) in value and in-kind terms per worker for all specialized (complex) teams and subcontracting organizations;

on the availability of material and technical resources of the organization according to the nomenclature of building materials, structures, semi-finished products, by types (brands) of construction machines and mechanisms, devices and electrified tools;

on the state of the backlog on engineering networks and communications, buildings of the main purpose, preparation of the development area.

10.3. The main provisions for the formation of the calendar plan are as follows. For each object, specialized flows are allocated corresponding to the teams of the general contractor (construction departments, sites) and specialized flows performed by teams of subcontractors.

Specialized flows are formed for the following works: preparatory, excavation, underground utilities, foundations for the building frame, masonry, building frame installation, floor preparation, roofing, carpentry, plastering, painting, cladding, flooring, landscaping .

If the organization has complex teams that perform several related types of work, it is advisable to enlarge specialized flows. The allocation of specialized flows of subcontractors is usually carried out for electrical, heat engineering, plumbing work; on the device of gas supply, low-voltage networks, the device of elevators.

When performing one type of work by general contracting construction departments and subcontracting organizations, each of them is allocated specific processes and scopes of work.

Arrangement of objects in the calendar plan is made according to the directive terms of putting them into operation, taking into account priorities. For each object, the work of the main specialized thread is linked. The construction of the above-ground part of the building is taken as the main specialized flow. The interconnection of the remaining specialized flows at the facilities is carried out under the condition of the rhythmic work of the respective teams in accordance with the models developed for all facilities (cyclograms, linear or network graphs), which take into account space-planning and design features, as well as work conditions.

The duration of functioning of specialized streams for general contracting subdivisions is determined on the basis of the achieved output of teams in physical terms and physical volumes of work. For subcontractors, the duration of the functioning of specialized flows is determined on the basis of the estimated cost and the development of teams in terms of value for the relevant units.

The developed calendar plan for the construction of facilities for the annual production program of the association serves as the basis for determining the need for labor, material and technical resources (by months, quarters, for a year). In case of exceeding the requirements for certain types of labor, material and technical resources, measures (recommendations) are developed to provide the construction departments of associations with the missing resources. If it is impossible to provide facilities with certain types of resources, the schedule for the construction of facilities of the annual production program is adjusted to fully link the required volume of construction and installation work with the capacities of the construction departments of the association and subcontractors, or the program itself is adjusted.

The methodological basis for the formation of the work schedule is the design (calculation of parameters) of a continuous flow with a given level of reliability. The parameters of the construction flow characterize its development in time, space, the level of its organization and the reliability of its functioning. The classification of parameters for the execution of the program of work in a continuous flow is shown in fig. fifteen.

10.4. Reliability parameters characterize the stability of the construction flow within the specified limits and the ability to obtain the planned result in the face of random failures inherent in construction. These include: the probability of failure-free operation and the availability factor. The probability of failure-free operation is the probability of achieving the planned result under given production conditions. Availability ratio - the ratio of the duration of non-failure operation of the construction stream for the period under consideration to the total operating time (the sum of the duration of non-failure operation and downtime for the same period of time).

10.5. Organizational parameters characterize the features of the construction department and the program of work for the planned period: the capacity of the construction department, the number of parallel flows and teams.

The capacity of the construction unit reflects the maximum amount of work (for the manufacture of precast concrete products and construction) that can be completed in a certain period of time under given production conditions. Depending on the capacity, the planned scope of work and the targeted program, parallel complex, object and specialized flows are formed. A specialized organization forms a number of parallel specialized streams (sanitary, electrical, pile driving, earthworks). The general construction organization forms specialized flows for the construction of the underground part of the building, installation of the above-ground part and finishing work, object flows for the construction of cultural and community buildings. General contracting trusts, DSK, combines form complex flows for the development of residential areas, microdistricts, streets and districts of the city.

Each of the parallel streams is served by one or more specialized or complex teams.

Rice. 15. Classification of continuous flow parameters for the implementation of the work program of a construction organization

10.6. The spatial parameters include: a site, an object, a microdistrict, a residential area, the territorial location of objects, the radius of service of objects by construction departments (area of ​​activity), as well as the nomenclature of construction objects according to their design features (large-panel, brick, etc.) and typical series, engineering networks by type, by location in the region (city, district center, residential area, microdistrict, quarter, street, building site, detached buildings, distances between objects and from objects to the base of the construction organization).

10.7. The parameters of time include indicators characterizing the development of the flow in time. For the design of the organization of work in a continuous flow, the following parameters are distinguished: the duration of the construction of objects and the stages of their construction, the magnitude of the critical convergence of flows (organizational breaks), the rhythm of the flow, the possible timing of the start of construction (the release of the construction site, engineering preparation of the territory, the readiness of engineering networks and communications) and directive (normative) deadlines for putting objects into operation.

In case of combined performance of two adjacent technologically dependent processes and stages of work, the convergence between them must be at least critical (minimum). This convergence is determined by the minimum necessary advance of the previous construction flow by the next one by an amount sufficient to perform the work of the subsequent process in the established rhythm. Such an advance is taken in the amount of work on one grip (section, object) of the previous process, taking into account possible deviations (with a given level of reliability). Critical convergence can be expressed in units of time, volumes of work at an object (a group of objects) or in units of a work front of a certain construction readiness.

10.8. Technological parameters characterize the features of the production of work: the amount of work, the intensity of the flow, output, labor intensity, the number of performers, the structure of the flow.

The activities of the construction and installation organization are considered as the functioning of a system of complex (object, specialized) flows, united by a common program of work and the boundaries of the region. The number of such flows depends on the size of the region, the scope of work, the number and organizational level of specialized units that are part of the construction organization and attracted from outside, their capacity.

Each of the complex flows is characterized by a structure corresponding to the nature of the work performed, the objects of construction and the conditions for its implementation. The structure determines the composition of the object, specialized and private flows organized to fulfill the annual program of the construction department in accordance with the architectural, space-planning and design solutions, the scope of work and the established specialization of the departments.

The number of parallel streams is determined depending on the volume of work of the construction and installation organization and its capacity.

10.9. To determine the reliability parameters of the construction industry, the failure rate is set for the leading technological processes, stages and objects in the conditions of a particular construction unit.

As a failure of the construction process (the leading private flow), such a value of idle flow during the day or deviation from the planned scope of work is taken, which significantly affects the work of the construction flow and, as a result, cannot be eliminated due to a periodic increase in labor productivity during the day.

As a failure of a specialized or object flow, a deviation of the deadlines for completing a stage of work or putting an object into operation from a given period (normative or directive) in working days can be taken. A failure is considered a deviation of the duration by an amount that, under the conditions of the construction department under consideration, significantly affects the fulfillment of planned targets, i.e. the sum of technological failures is so large that by adjusting the organization of work (the degree of overlap, intensity, duration of processes), redistributing resources within the facility, periodic growth in labor productivity, a stage of work cannot be completed or the facility cannot be put into operation at the scheduled time.

10.10. The main method of obtaining information about the reliability of construction production is the direct registration of failures at facilities in special journals; they record the number, cause and duration of failures or the daily flow rate in physical or cost terms. The duration of daily observations is up to a year (and at least 1 month).

10.11. The duration of the specialized flow at the facility (for three stages of work - the construction of the underground part, the installation of the above-ground part of the building, finishing work) is determined by the formula

, (34)

where T ij- duration j-th stage of work (specialized flow at the facility at i-th object; k is the modulus of cyclicity; m- number of grips; n- number of private threads ( n=1, 2, 3, ...); S t o - organizational breaks between specialized flows, set depending on the given level of reliability; k r - readiness factor (reliability) *.

* Instructions for the design of the organization and management of in-line housing and civil construction based on continuous planning (RSN 323-83). Kyiv: NIISP. 1983.

10.12. Designing the work of a construction and installation organization in a continuous flow is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, proposals are developed for the formation of the annual program of the construction and installation organization and its approval by the customer (general contractor), and at the second stage, documentation is developed for organizing the work of construction units in a continuous flow based on the approved annual program.

10.13. Proposals for the formation of an annual plan should be aimed at timely financing of the entire range of works during the year, the most complete use of the capacity of the industrial base, improvement of flow technology and organization of production, rational use of material and technical and labor resources, increasing labor productivity, linking the planned scope of work with production capacity of the construction and installation organization to ensure the commissioning of all planned residential and civil buildings.

The proposals define the composition (list) of construction objects and the timing of their commissioning by quarters of the planned year, as well as the list and volume of transitional backlog objects necessary to ensure the rhythmic work and efficient use of resources.

Proposals for the formation of an annual (two-year) work plan in a continuous stream should contain the materials indicated in Table. 27.

Development of proposals for the formation of the annual production program of the construction and installation organization (Fig. 16) includes:

analysis of the project of in-building title lists received from the customer for approval;

distribution of construction objects between construction departments and subcontractors;

drawing up a draft directive work schedule based on production standards;

determination of the need for basic material and technical resources: sources and possibilities of their coverage;

drawing up a financing plan in the context of the annual program;

preparation of comments on the structure of the plan of the construction and installation organization and proposals for adjusting the projects of intra-construction title lists.

Methodological guidance and control over the performance of work is carried out by the chief engineer (deputy head) of the construction and installation organization.

Table 27

materials	Purpose
The directive work schedule of the construction and installation organization in a continuous flow in the volume of the annual (two-year) program	Establishment of terms for putting objects into operation	The sequence and timing of the construction of facilities (by stages of work)
Comments of the construction and installation organization on the projects of the title lists for the planned period	Establishing the compliance of the production capacity of the construction and installation organization with the objects of the title lists	Clarification of the list of objects and works, the timing of commissioning and appropriations for the planned period, the list of back-up objects and the readiness of the territory for development
Data on the annual demand in material and technical resources	Identification of the general requirement in the main ma-te-ri-al-no-technical resources for the program of work, data for the preparation of applications	Calculation of the total need for basic material and technical resources for the annual (two-year) program of work, preparation of annual applications
Explanatory note	Explanations and comments on the proposals for-mi-ro-va-nia of the annual program	Calculation of the main parameters for the construction of facilities, a description of the conditions of construction and linking them with the estimated volumes

10.14. When analyzing the project of intra-construction title lists of objects, the construction and installation organization checks:

compliance with the planned annual scope of work

the limits of capital investments and construction and installation works approved in the five-year plans;

availability and timing of issuance of design and estimate documentation;

the estimated volume of the backlog at the beginning of the planned year and for the next year;

preparation of the territory (resettlement, demolition of buildings, alluvium, peat removal, territory planning as of January 1 of the planned year);

deadlines for the customer to complete citywide engineering activities (laying of main engineering networks and communications) and equipment of the territory, construction of engineering structures, as well as their compliance with the required deadlines for commissioning facilities.

Rice. 16. The procedure for developing proposals for the formation of the annual program of work

10.15. As a result of the analysis of projects for a detailed planning of residential areas and microdistricts, the following should be determined: sites and urban complexes, the sequence of construction of sites (urban complexes), microdistricts and their objects. The expected dates for the execution of works and activities carried out by the customer are specified and, depending on them, the possible dates for the start of construction. At the same time, materials from projects for organizing the construction of residential microdistricts and individual facilities should be used.

According to the dates of the possible start of construction and the proposed dates for putting the facilities into operation, the construction period is established and its compliance with the standard duration is checked in accordance with SNiP 1.04.03-85.

Construction objects are distributed among organizations in accordance with their production capacity, specialization and area of ​​work.

10.16. Construction and installation organizations, together with the customer, consider proposals (orders) for work performed by a contract method, draw up protocols for coordination and send them to higher organizations. In these documents, the volume of construction and installation work should be distributed for each construction unit and for each construction site, as well as for quarters of the year in such a way that the commissioning of facilities within the standard time is ensured. First of all, it is necessary to provide for the completion of the construction of previously begun facilities on time.

10.17. The directive work schedule is being developed in order to identify the technological feasibility of fulfilling the planned scope of work and putting the facilities into operation within the proposed time frame; a schedule is formed for the objects and stages of work in the following order:

distribution of construction volumes subject to uniform loading of plants throughout the year and taking into account the territorial distribution of facilities;

distribution of construction objects by divisions of the construction and installation organization and flows, taking into account the accepted specialization, territorial location of objects, types of buildings and terms of commissioning;

development of a flow construction schedule, taking into account the continuous operation of specialized flows and their linking with each other and with the work of subcontractors, as well as taking into account the even use of resources.

According to the schedule, the need for material, technical and financial resources is established by months and quarters and in general for the planned year, the compliance of the terms of commissioning of facilities with the proposed in-construction title lists in the project is checked, as well as the timeliness of construction and installation works, engineering networks and engineering equipment by other organizations of the city (district).

10.18. As a result of the development of proposals, discrepancies with the project of intra-construction title lists should be identified on the possibility of including objects in the work plan, scope of work, commissioning dates, financing and logistics, requirements for the completion of engineering networks and communications, preparation of the territory, engineering structures and other works performed by the customer or on his instructions by construction and installation and special organizations that are subordinate to other ministries and departments.

Based on the calculations, the construction and installation organization draws up comments on the project of intra-construction title lists: comments and a draft financing plan necessary for the in-line organization of construction are transferred to the customer to correct proposals for the formation of an annual plan and a title list of construction objects.

10.19. Documentation for the organization of work of the annual program of the construction unit in a continuous stream is developed on the basis of approved intra-construction title lists and consists of the materials indicated in Table. 28.

The specified documentation is developed in the following order: preparation of initial data; distribution of objects by divisions of the construction and installation organization and subcontractors;

calculation of parameters of in-line construction; development of a line construction schedule; development of logistics schedules.

An approximate scheme for the development of documentation for the organization of the work of construction units in a continuous flow is shown in fig. 17.

Table 28

Document	Purpose
Calculation of the level of reliability and the value of para-meters for a planned period	Determination of the value of indicators of organizational and technological reliability and parameters of continuous flow for the billing period
The sequence of erection of buildings and their distribution by sub-divisions, construction and installation and sub-contracting organizations	Image of the territorial distribution of objects, engineering networks and com-mu-no-ka-tsy, distribution of objects by use of the construction of buildings and structures
Annual (two-year) schedule of work of the construction and installation organization in a continuous flow	Establishment of deadlines and after-to-va-tel-nos-ty of the execution of work on the technological stages of production and certain leading types of work, the timing of the construction of residential and non-residential facilities. Determination of the workload of teams during the year and the planned implementation of construction and installation works in the cost
Graphs of complete packaging of materials, semi-factories and products on demand in machines and mechanisms	Determination of the quantity and timing of the supply of precast concrete structures, materials, semi-finished products and equipment for the work program of the construction and installation organization, taking into account co-re-peri-ing deliveries. Establishing the need for a unit in the main machines and mechanisms for the continuous functioning of flows
Explanatory note	Justification of the adopted engineering decisions on the technology and organization of precision construction, the complexity of building massifs, increasing the level of reliability of the decisions made, choosing the value of the flow parameters, the need for resources, technical and economic for-for-those.

10.20. The distribution of construction objects between the divisions of the construction and installation organization is carried out taking into account the architectural and structural characteristics and technological assessment of the objects of the two-year construction program, determined by the projects and estimates, the technological and object specialization of the divisions, the territorial distribution of objects, the area of ​​work of the construction division and its capacity.

Rice. 17. The procedure for the development of documentation for the organization of the work of the plant (association) in a continuous stream

10.21. The sequence of construction of objects is established in such a way that each flow is provided with the necessary volume for the construction of buildings of the same series, which creates conditions for improving technology and increasing labor productivity. This should take into account the territorial location of residential buildings in areas of mass development and dispersed within the city and outside the city, the timing of the provision of a site for construction, the readiness of engineering networks and communications, pile foundations and the underground part of buildings, uniform loading of production workshops of the housing construction base.

10.22. In order to determine the early dates for the start of construction, schedules and construction plans for in-line construction are preliminarily developed. The construction general plan shows the layout of construction objects with a breakdown into integrated development sites and queues, places for laying engineering networks and communications, their connection to existing highways, placement of tower cranes and linking typical object construction plans to specific construction conditions. The graphs in enlarged meters with a breakdown by stage (construction of the underground part of buildings, installation of floor structures of the above-ground part and finishing work) indicate the construction time of buildings, taking into account the continuous loading of flows, the deadlines for completing the preparation of the territory, utility networks and their tracing (priority construction of buildings, through which engineering networks pass), the capabilities of specialized subcontractors and the optimal technological terms for the construction of buildings.

10.23. The directive schedule for the in-line construction of facilities is drawn up using cyclograms for the in-line construction of standard buildings of each series, updated for the considered billing period. The schedule provides for the production of work on a system of permanent production lines, the development of flows over time and in individual areas, the linking of specialized flows among themselves, the scheme for moving teams and machines from object to object, as well as the total amount of work by periods, corresponding to the capacity of industrial production of construction and installation organization.

10.24. The calendar schedule for the work of construction and installation organizations in a continuous stream should be developed in the following order:

determination of the sequence of erection of objects;

determination of the total cost of construction of facilities according to the technological stages of work with the allocation of the cost of general construction work within each stage;

clarification of the complex of works performed at each stage, and the definition of specialized units for their implementation;

identification of the conditions for the production of works (the presence of engineering networks and communications or an indication of the timing of their readiness, the need for the demolition of buildings, the transfer of communications, alluvium and territory planning);

determination of the intensity of each specialized flow for the construction of buildings, taking into account reliability indicators;

determination of the required number of parallel specialized streams for the implementation of the work program on its own, as well as by the forces of attracted subcontractors;

distribution of construction objects according to specialized streams, taking into account the manufacturability of objects, the accepted specialization, territorial distribution and directive terms for putting them into operation;

drawing up a calendar schedule for the production line construction.

In the calendar schedule of in-line construction for each facility, construction dates are provided that allow organizing the work of each assembly team of the construction department. To do this, for construction and installation organizations and their departments, the following are determined:

the number of objects in each series;

the need for structures, details and materials for the construction of large-panel buildings;

regulatory reserve for the work of the underground part;

availability of design and estimate documentation in full;

state of engineering preparation of the construction site and building area, engineering equipment;

availability of erection cranes, vehicles and other construction machines and mechanisms.

10.25. Objects and their groupings are evaluated depending on the following characteristics:

type and series of projects, their modification (sectionality, orientation, configuration and type of foundations, the presence of built-in or attached premises, etc.);

territorial placement of objects, tightness of the site;

purpose - state, cultural and household, cooperative and intended for the resettlement of residents from demolished buildings;

availability in construction organizations of approved and complete design and estimate documentation, including engineering networks and communications;

state of engineering preparation and equipment of the territory;

employment of the construction site with buildings, power lines, etc.;

the state of construction (an object that is being carried over from the previous year, is being started again, or is being carried over to the next year).

10.26. The flow construction schedule of facilities covers:

calculation of the monthly commissioning of objects, the need for sets of parts, the planned and regulatory reserve for construction departments;

determination of the expected (with a given probability) duration of construction of typical buildings and the main stages of work corresponding to the full load of specialized units and teams of workers, the possibility of the production base of the construction and installation organization for the supply of parts;

accounting for the organizational and technological reliability of construction production;

uniform forms of construction schedules for the above-ground and underground parts of buildings, schedules for engineering preparation of the territory.

It is necessary to develop a schedule for in-line construction in three technological stages: the construction of the underground part of the buildings, the construction of the above-ground part, special and finishing works. With a large technological specialization of subdivisions or the involvement of subcontracting specialized organizations, the stages can be divided into complex processes, for example, earthworks, pile foundations, grillage and installation of structures of the underground part of the building.

10.27. All objects within the planned year are divided into five groups:

1) objects passing from last year in the stage of finishing;

2) objects passing from the previous year at the stage of installation or construction of the underground part of the building;

3) objects, the construction of which must be started and completed in the current year;

4) backyard facilities that are transferred to the next year at the stage of erection of the underground and installation of the above-ground parts of buildings;

5) backyard objects that are transferred to the next year at the stage of finishing work.

The objects of the third group can be of different readiness for construction. The main factors determining the readiness for construction and the possible timing of the start of installation are: the availability of design and estimate documentation, funding in the required amount, the state of engineering preparation (demolition of buildings, transfer of communications, territory planning, etc.), the presence of laid engineering networks and communications, and others

10.28. When drawing up a schedule for in-line construction, the objects of the annual program are preliminarily divided into several stages (priority groups) that determine the sequence of construction. The first stage includes the buildings of the first and second groups, the second - the objects of the third group, which have a high degree of readiness for construction, the third - the objects of the third group in terms of the timing of the construction site and the readiness of engineering networks, the fourth - backyard objects in the order of the terms of engineering preparation . As part of each priority group, objects in terms of the sequence of their construction can be equivalent or recorded in the order of the desired sequence of their installation.

If the list contains objects through which a single engineering network passes, a strict installation sequence is set. For some objects, specific dates for the early start of installation may be known or directive deadlines for the completion of construction may be set.

10.29. The entire territory on which construction objects are located should be divided into several construction areas: administrative, residential area, street or several streets. For all objects of the annual program, depending on the address of the construction, belonging to a certain area is established.

Construction objects are distributed between SMU and brigades, guided by their specialization and the area of ​​work. For each SMU and for each brigade, objects and series of houses are established, in the construction of which it specializes, as well as those objects and series of houses that the brigade can build without a significant decrease in productivity.

For the efficient operation of construction units and in order to reduce redeployment, the main and adjacent areas for the production of work are established for each SMU or brigade.

10.30. The organizational and technological reliability of the construction industry, provided for in the flow construction schedules, is achieved through the following activities:

the duration of the stages of work included in the schedules is set not deterministic, but expected with optimal probability;

the completion of work is determined by the range of values, depending on the standard deviation of the intensity of the leading processes;

minimum organizational breaks between the stages of work are determined by the value of the standard deviation and the given level of reliability, as well as the type of work;

the reserves of time, scope of work, machines and mechanisms, material and financial resources are determined and taken into account.

If the constructed schedules do not provide for the deadline for putting the facility into operation, it is necessary to resort to other options for technology and organization (changing the number of cranes and the composition of teams, changing shifts, the degree of combination of processes, their intensity and duration), which will allow you to complete the work on time with taking into account probabilistic indicators, expected duration and organizational breaks.

If the change in technology and organization of work does not allow to ensure the completion of work on time with the necessary organizational breaks, the sequence of erection of objects should be changed in such a way that at first the builder objects of a smaller amount of work. Then, from the facilities where there are time reserves, additional material, technical and labor resources should be transferred.

If these possibilities are exhausted, the object should be placed under special control, the priority supply of material and technical resources should be ensured, i.e., the creation of conditions for maximizing the level of organizational and technological reliability, and thereby reducing the duration of work stages and breaks between them.

10.31. When drawing up a schedule for the construction of facilities, the main limitation on the capacity of construction and installation organizations must be met. The demand for prefabricated reinforced concrete products and structures of each group in each month of the planning period should not exceed the capacity of the production lines of the plants. Temporary use of insurance stocks of products with their subsequent replenishment is allowed.

The uniformity of consumption of material resources is achieved by changing the sequence of construction of objects, the intensity of their installation, the number of cranes, assigning objects to other teams with a large production potential.

If in the process of building a schedule with a given set of objects of the annual program, the number of teams and the capacity of factories, continuity in the work of teams is not achieved, then it is necessary to identify the shortage of certain resources, evaluate their number and transfer the conclusion to the management of the construction and installation organization for decision-making. When bottlenecks are eliminated by replacing some objects, redistributing or introducing additional capacities, the initial data are changed and re-simulation is performed.

When it is impossible to increase capacity or replace objects, the allowable amount of time reserve for teams is introduced when moving from object to object. A variant of the schedule is being developed for which, subject to the restrictions, the total value of the reserve time for all teams of the construction and installation organization will be minimal.

Rice. 18. Enlarged block diagram of the algorithm for developing the annual schedule for the installation of objects in a continuous stream

10.32. An enlarged block diagram of the algorithm that simulates the process of installation of objects of a construction and installation organization is shown in fig. eighteen.

Block 1. The next object passing into the installation stage is selected, its series and type are established, as well as a team of installers who carry out the installation of the object.

Block 2. The deadline for the installation of the object is determined by multiplying the number of remaining grips by the duration of the installation of one grip and dividing the result by the availability factor. The term for the release of the brigade is determined.

Block 3. The monthly need for reinforced concrete products necessary to complete the installation of the facility is determined.

Block 4. The received demand for reinforced concrete products by months is summed up with the number of products used for the previously considered transitional houses.

Block 5. The total demand for reinforced concrete products in each month of the planning period, which is covered by the installation of the transfer facility, is compared with the capacity of the production lines of the plants. If the need for products does not exceed the capabilities of the factories, then the object is assigned to the team, included in the flow, and control is transferred to the next block.

Block 6. It is checked whether there are still not considered transitional objects. If there are any, then the similar work of blocks 1 - 5 is repeated for the next passing object until all passing objects are considered.

Block 7. The next month of the planning period is selected. Block 7 is the initial one in the main branch of the algorithm that considers objects newly started by construction.

Block 8. The presence of brigades vacated in the period under review is checked, and among them the brigades of the earliest period of release are selected. The districts and objects (series of houses) for the construction of which she specializes are established.

Block 9. A new object is selected for this brigade.

Block 10. The selected object is assigned to the team, the term of its installation is determined, taking into account the provision of a given level of reliability.

Block 11. The date of completion of the installation of the underground part of the facility and the date of completion of the construction of the facility are determined.

Block 12. It is checked whether an early installation start date has been set for this object.

Block 13. Block 14. The specified period is checked.

Block 15. The need for reinforced concrete products is determined in each month, which is covered by the installation of the facility.

Block 16. The received need is summed up with the amount of resources previously spent on other objects.

Block 17. It is checked whether the total demand for products exceeds the capacity of factories. If there are enough factory resources for each month, the object is finally assigned to the team and included in the flow.

At this point, the consideration of this object ends and control is transferred to block 8, in which the presence of brigades released in the month under consideration is checked.

If there is a team, the considered procedure for selecting and including an object in the flow is repeated. After all the teams released in a given month are considered, control is transferred to block 22. The remaining or shortage of resources of the construction and installation organization in the month under consideration is determined, for which the total need for products of various groups on installation is subtracted from the given capacity of the plants.

Block 21. The ability to produce products by construction and installation organizations in the next month is corrected by summing up the balance of resources with the given capacity of the organization in this month. The adjustment provides an integral accounting of the capacity of the construction and installation organization. After that, the next month of the planning period is selected (block 22) and the calculation is repeated. At the end of the planned period, the calculation is completed.

If, as a result of the check in block 13, it turns out that the estimated start date for the installation of the above-ground part of the object under consideration turned out to be earlier than the date of readiness of the underground part of this object and the organizational break calculated taking into account the established level of reliability, an object with an earlier completion date of the underground part is selected for this team. If there are no such objects in the list, measures are taken to speed up the construction of the underground part of the building for a certain period or the possibility of combining the installation process with the completion of work on the underground part of the building.

It may turn out that for the selected object, the deadline for the completion of construction is set (block 14). If the normative term is violated, then the object is transferred to a higher priority group and the calculation is repeated. In this case, in block 14, it is checked whether the estimated construction time is beyond the directive. If not, then it goes to block 15 and the calculations are repeated in the usual way.

During the operation of block 17, it may turn out that the demand for reinforced concrete products in any month exceeds the capabilities of construction and installation organizations. In this case, the possibility of changing the intensity of installation, the use of products or their stock in the warehouse is checked. If the need still exceeds the capacity of the construction department, the object is returned to the list.

10.33. As a result of the construction of the schedule of the leading process - the installation of buildings, late deadlines are set for the completion of work on the construction of the underground part of buildings and early dates start work on finishing them.

10.34. The flow schedule for work on the underground part of buildings is built in a similar way. The continuous work of specialized teams and the corresponding sets of machines for work, the installation of pile foundations, the grillage and the installation of structures of the underground part of buildings with restrictions on the capabilities of the leading machines, the capacity of construction units and the supply of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures is considered. This takes into account the expected duration of the processes with a given probability and the necessary organizational breaks that ensure the timely transfer of the scope of work and their completion.

10.35. When constructing a schedule for the production of finishing works, the continuous work of specialized teams of fitters, the required time for putting objects into operation, the duration of work expected with a given probability, and the sequence of objects determined by the preparation of the work front are taken into account.

If the deadline for completion of work with a corresponding organizational break exceeds the directive, measures are taken to increase the number of performers, the sequence of inclusion of objects in the flow or change the technology and organization of processes up to their combination to a technologically possible amount.

10.36. Documentation for the annual program of work of a construction organization in a continuous stream serves as the basis for the formation of a production and economic plan (construction financial plan).

The schedules for the construction of objects of the annual production program are the basis for drawing up a plan for the commissioning of residential buildings and social and cultural facilities.

According to the schedules of the need for material resources for the objects of the annual production program of the association (by nomenclature), plans are drawn up for material support and equipment, the work of production, auxiliary enterprises and UPTK. Graphs of the need for technical resources for the objects of the annual production program of the association by types (brands) of machines, mechanisms are used to draw up work plans for construction machines and mechanisms, to control mechanization.

10.37. The basis for the development of a calendar schedule for the rational operation of the available fleet of construction machines of an organization should be the principle of forming sets of successively replaced machines serving one specialized stream or object. This principle provides: reducing the impact of the presence of certain types of machines on the implementation of the annual production program; observance of directive terms of commissioning of objects; operational re-formation of the calendar plan for the operation of machines; the efficiency of fleet operation.

The schedule for the distribution of available assembly cranes by construction sites is formed on the basis of the principle of interchangeability using the method of differentiated selection of assembly cranes for one object. The effectiveness of the implementation of a differentiated method of distribution of erection cranes is manifested in a decrease in the cost of mechanization of work, an increase in capital productivity for each high-rise crane, and a reduction in specific capital investments in the construction of high-rise buildings.

10.38. The structure of the coordinated and approved documentation on the organization of the work of construction units in a continuous stream (for example, the city of Yaroslavl) includes schedules:

the sequence of construction of objects of the annual production program for construction departments;

the need for labor resources by objects for specialized (complex) teams (by months, quarters, for a year) - the form is given in table. 29;

the need for technical resources for the objects of the annual production program by types (brands) of machines, mechanisms (by months, quarters, for a year) - the form is given in table. thirty;

interconnection of specialized flows and distribution of capital investments by objects (for a month, a quarter, a year).

Table 29