Physics presentation on perpetual motion machine. Presentation on the topic of creating a perpetual motion machine. Villar d'Honnecourt water saw with automatic wood feed

MBOUSOSH №11

Presentation for the lesson on the topic: "Perpetual motion machine"

Completed by: physics teacher

Glushkova Tatyana Alexandrovna

Novocherkassk

GOALS

EDUCATIONAL

EDUCATIONAL

DEVELOPING

Educational:

Involving the student in an active cognitive process on the topic "Perpetuum mobile". Formation of skills in the study of physical concepts in this topic.

Educational:

Cultivating an attentive, benevolent attitude to the answers of their classmates, cultivating personal responsibility for the performance of collective work.

Developing:

Development of students' skills and abilities to work independently or in a group, broadening their horizons, increasing erudition, developing interest in physics.

During the classes:

It has long been known that the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is not feasible, but it is very interesting and informative from the point of view of the history of the development of science and technology. After all, in search of a perpetual motion machine, scientists were able to better understand the basic physical principles. Moreover, the inventors of the perpetual motion machine are prime examples for the study of certain aspects of human psychology: ingenuity, perseverance, optimism, and fanaticism.

perpetual motion machine ( from the Greek perpetuum mobile, perpetual motion machine)

perpetual motion machine ( Perpetuum mobile) – a device based on mechanical, chemical, electrical or other physical processes. Being launched, once, it will be able to work forever and stop only when exposed to it from the outside.

At present, India is rightfully considered the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines.

The schemes of the first perpetual motion machines were built on the basis of simple mechanical elements and even in later times included levers that were fixed around the circumference of a wheel rotating around a horizontal axis.

• Lifting water with an Archimedean screw;
• The rise of water with the help of capillaries;
• Using a wheel with unbalanced weights;
• natural magnets;
• Electromagnetism;
• Steam or compressed air.

Errors of perpetual motion machines

The change in the internal energy of the system during its transition from one state to another is equal to the sum of the work of external forces and the amount of heat transferred to the system and does not depend on the method by which this transition is carried out. (First law of thermodynamics)

“There is no circular process, the only result of which would be the production of work by cooling the heat reservoir”

(Second beginning

thermodynamics)

It is a postulate that cannot be proved within the framework of thermodynamics. It was created on the basis of a generalization of experimental facts and received numerous experimental confirmations.

Perpetual motion machines are divided into two large groups:

Perpetual motion machines of the first kind do not extract energy from the environment (for example, heat), while the physical and chemical state of its parts also remains unchanged. Machines of this kind cannot exist on the basis of the first law of thermodynamics.

Perpetual motion machines of the second kind extract heat from the environment and convert it into energy of mechanical motion. Such devices cannot exist based on the second law of thermodynamics.

The earliest information about perpetual motion machines.

Attempts to study the place, time and cause of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is a very difficult task. The earliest information about the perpetuum mobile is the mention that we find in the Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara . Thus, Bhaskara describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: "The wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself."

• Indian or Arabic perpetuum mobile.

• An Indian or Arabic perpetual motion machine with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury.

A variant of a perpetual motion machine of eastern origin.

A variant of a perpetual motion machine of eastern origin. The author relied here on the difference in the specific gravity of water and mercury.

A wheel with levers is a typical element of perpetual motion machines.

The wheel with flexible articulated arms is a typical element of perpetual motion machines, which subsequently, based on this Arab project, were offered in many different versions.

European perpetual motion machines

The first European, the author of the idea of ​​a "self-propelled car", is considered a medieval French architect. Villard d'Honnecourt originally from Picardy. His perpetual motion model is a hydraulic saw with automatic wood feed. Villar proceeded from the effect of gravity, under the influence of which counterweights reclined.

Villar d'Honnecourt water saw with automatic wood feed

Inventor's Idea: A strong magnet is placed on the stand. Two inclined troughs are leaning against it, one under the other, and the upper trough has a small hole in its upper part, and the lower one is curved at the end. If a small iron ball is placed on the upper chute, then due to attraction by the magnet it will roll upwards, however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute, roll down it, rise along the final rounding and again fall on the upper chute. Thus, the ball will run continuously, thereby carrying out perpetual motion.

The device would work if the magnet acted on the metal ball only during its ascent to the stand along the upper chute. But the ball rolls down slowly under the action of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. Therefore, by the end of the descent, it will not acquire the speed necessary to rise along the rounding of the lower chute and begin a new cycle.

Attempts to create a perpetual motion machine were made by inventors in subsequent times. In many projects, perpetual motion machines resort to the action of gravity.

Wheel with rolling balls

Inventor's Idea: A wheel with heavy balls rolling in it. In any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side of the wheel will be farther from the center than the weights on the left half. Therefore, the right half must always pull the left half and make the wheel spin. So the wheel must keep turning forever.

Why the engine does not work: The engine will not work because such mechanisms can only do work at the expense of the initial energy supply reported to them at start-up; when this reserve is completely used up, the perpetual motion machine will stop.

Chain of balls on a triangular prism

Inventor's Idea: A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown through a trihedral prism. There are four balls on the left, two on the right. The remaining eight balls balance each other. Consequently, the chain will come into perpetual motion counterclockwise.

Why the engine does not work: Loads are set in motion only by the component of gravity parallel to the inclined surface. On a longer surface, there are more weights, but the angle of inclination of the surface is proportionately smaller. Therefore, the gravity of the loads on the right, multiplied by the sine of the angle, is equal to the gravity of the loads on the left, multiplied by the sine of the other angle.

Wheel with reclining weights

Inventor's Idea: The idea is based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced weights. Folding sticks with weights at the ends are attached to the edges of the wheel. At any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side will be thrown further from the center than on the left; this half, therefore, must pull the left one and thereby make the wheel turn. This means that the wheel will rotate forever, at least until the axle is frayed.

Why the engine does not work: The weights on the right side are always farther from the center, but it is inevitable that the wheel will be positioned in such a way that the number of these weights is less than on the left. Then the system is balanced - therefore, the wheel will not rotate, but after making several swings, it will stop.

• The planets revolve around the Sun for billions of years, being an example of perpetual motion. It was noticed a long time ago . Naturally, scientists wanted to repeat this picture on a smaller scale, trying to create an ideal model of a perpetual motion machine. Despite the fact that in the 19th century the fundamental impracticability of a perpetual motion machine was proved, scientists created thousands of inventions, but could not make the dream a reality.

• Ihak-Rubiner F. Perpetual motion machine. M., 1922.
• Ord-Hume A. Perpetual motion. The story of an obsession. Moscow: Knowledge, 1980.
• Michal S. Perpetual motion machine yesterday and today. M.: Mir, 1984.
• Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Book. 1 and 2. M.: Nauka, 1979.

MOU Gymnasium No. 7

Research work in physics

Is it possible to create a perpetual motion machine?

Completed by: student of grade 10 "A"

Beetle Daria

Head: Dobrodumova Nadezhda Petrovna

physics teacher

Relevance

Now human life is filled with various technologies that make our lives easier. With the help of machines, a person cultivates the land, extracts oil, ore, and other minerals, moves, etc. The main property of machines is their ability to do work. A perpetual motion machine is such an imaginary mechanism that constantly moves itself and, in addition, performs some other useful work (for example, lifts a load). That is why for many centuries mankind has been trying to create a perpetual motion machine. But, unfortunately, due to the large number of applications by inventors for the issuance of patents for non-working perpetual motion machines invented by them, a number of national patent offices and academies of sciences of foreign countries decided not to accept applications for inventions of an absolute engine for consideration at all, since this contradicts the conservation law energy.

Target

To study the possibility of creating a perpetual motion machine, using examples of non-working models of a perpetual motion machine.

Tasks

1) Study the literature on the chosen topic

2) To study the most famous perpetual motion models, to find out the reasons for their fragility

3) Make a conclusion based on the selected material.

Introduction, or the meaning of creating a perpetual motion machine

What is a perpetual motion machine?

Types of perpetual motion models, techniques and their combinations, on the basis of which perpetual motion machines are designed

17 most famous perpetual motion machines and why they don't work

The laws of nature, excluding the possibility of creating a perpetuum mobile

Attempts to create a perpetual motion machine often lead to fruitful discoveries

Perpetuum mobile is an existence that scientists do not deny

Conclusion, or my attitude to the raised goal

Bibliography

Introduction, or the meaning of creating a perpetual motion machine

Modern life of a person is impossible without the use of a wide variety of machines that make his life easier. With the help of machines, a person cultivates the land, extracts oil, ore, and other minerals, moves, etc. The main property of machines is their ability to do work.

Here is how the remarkable French engineer, Sadi Carnot, wrote about the significance of a perpetual motion machine for humanity: capable of developing an unlimited amount of driving force, capable of successively bringing all the bodies of nature out of rest, if they were in it, violating the principle of inertia in them, capable, finally, of drawing from itself the necessary forces to set the entire Universe in motion, to support and continuously accelerate its movement. Such would indeed be the creation of a driving force. If this were possible, then it would be useless to look for the driving force in the streams of water and air, in combustible material, we would have an endless source from which we could draw endlessly.

In the XII-XIII century, the crusades began, and European society set in motion. The craft began to develop faster and the machines that set the mechanisms in motion were improved. These were mainly water wheels and wheels driven by animals (horses, mules, bulls walking in circles). So the idea arose to come up with an efficient machine driven by cheaper energy. If energy is taken from nothing, then it costs nothing and this is an extreme special case of cheapness - for nothing.

The idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine became even more popular in the 16th-17th centuries, in the era of the transition to machine production. The number of known perpetual motion projects has exceeded a thousand. It was not only poorly educated artisans who dreamed of creating a perpetual motion machine, but also some prominent scientists of their time, since then there was no fundamental scientific prohibition on the creation of such a device.

Already in the 15th-17th centuries, far-sighted naturalists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Girolamo Cardano, Simon Stevin, Galileo Galilei formulated the principle: "It is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine." Simon Stevin was the first who, on the basis of this principle, derived the law of the balance of forces on an inclined plane, which led him, in the end, to the discovery of the law of the addition of forces according to the triangle rule (the addition of vectors).

By the middle of the 18th century, after centuries of attempts to create a perpetual motion machine, most scientists began to believe that it was impossible to do this. It was just an experimental fact.

Since 1775, the French Academy of Sciences refused to consider perpetual motion projects, although even at that time French academicians had no solid scientific grounds to fundamentally deny the possibility of drawing energy from nothing.

The impossibility of obtaining additional work from nothing was firmly justified only with the creation and approval of the "law of conservation of energy" as a universal and one of the most fundamental laws of nature.

First, Gottfried Leibniz in 1686 formulated the law of conservation of mechanical energy. And the law of conservation of energy as a universal law of nature was independently formulated by Julius Mayer (1845), James Joule (1843–50) and Hermann Helmholtz (1847).

What is a perpetual motion machine?

A perpetual motion machine (Latin perpetuum mobile) is an imaginary but impracticable engine that, after starting it, does work for an indefinitely long time. Each machine operating without an influx of energy from the outside, after a certain period of time, will completely use up its energy reserve to overcome the forces of resistance and must stop, since continuing to work would mean obtaining energy from nothing.

Many inventors tried to build a machine - a perpetual motion machine capable of doing useful work without any changes inside the machine. All these attempts ended in failure. Perpetuum mobile is the magical idea of ​​replicating this perpetual motion in an artificial structure and making it work like a genie out of a bottle. It is not surprising that the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine has a magical appeal even today. Projects of a perpetual motion machine seem internally obvious to an ordinary person, especially if he himself invented them.

Types of perpetual motion models, techniques and their combinations, on the basis of which perpetual motion machines are designed.

Perpetuum mobile of the first kind- an imaginary, continuously operating machine, which, once started, would do work without receiving energy from outside. A perpetual motion machine of the 1st kind contradicts the law of conservation and transformation of energy and is therefore unrealizable.

Perpetuum mobile of the second kind an imaginary heat engine that, as a result of a circular process (cycle), completely converts the heat received from any one “inexhaustible” source (ocean, atmosphere, etc.) into work. The action of a perpetual motion machine of the 2nd kind does not contradict the law of conservation and transformation of energy, but it violates the second law of thermodynamics, and therefore such an engine is not feasible. It can be calculated that with the cooling of the world ocean only by one degree, it is possible to obtain energy sufficient to meet all the needs of mankind at the current level of its consumption for 14,000 years.

Perpetual motion machine of the "third kind". The scientific term "perpetuum mobile of the third kind" does not exist (this is a joke), but there are still inventors who want to extract energy from "nothing". Or almost nothing. Now "nothing" is called the "physical vacuum" and they want to extract an unlimited amount of energy from the "physical vacuum". Their designs are as simple and naive as those of their predecessors who lived centuries ago. The new perpetual motion machines were called "Vacuum Power Plants"; inventors report fantastic efficiency of such engines - 400%, 3000%! They are being created now, unfortunately, in respected design bureaus, which indicates the insufficient training of modern engineers in the field of physics. A discussion of why this happens is beyond the scope of our poster. But these engineers are at least honestly mistaken. Unfortunately, there is another category of creators of perpetual motion machines. These are hoaxers, cunning and swindlers. Here are just two examples:

1. Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist, but also an engineer, organizer of holidays, entertainment attractions. He also tried hard for several years to create a perpetual motion machine and came to the conclusion that it was impossible. Here are his words, very important for understanding the problem of a perpetual motion machine, said at the end of the 15th century: “The search for the design of an eternal wheel - the source of perpetual motion - can be called one of the most senseless delusions of man. For centuries, everyone who dealt with hydraulics, military machines, and so on, spent a lot of time and money looking for a perpetual motion machine. But the same thing happened with all of them as with the gold seekers (alchemists): there was always some little thing that interfered with success. My little work will benefit them: they will no longer have to flee from kings and rulers without fulfilling their promises. Despite such a clear understanding of the impossibility of creating a perpetual motion machine, there are lines in Leonardo's notebooks that say that he was ready to present to the public a supposedly "working model" of a perpetual motion machine. In a commentary on a drawing of an imaginary perpetual motion machine, Leonardo wrote: "Make the model under great secrecy and publicize its demonstration widely." This perpetual motion machine was based on the law of Archimedes and, knowing that the engine would not work, Leonardo intended to organize an imperceptible flow of "living water" (that is, to set the engine in motion by an imperceptibly organized external flow of water). Historians speculate why Leonardo da Vinci resorted to hoax, but the fact remains. Even great natural scientists are often driven by non-scientific motives. What can we say about ordinary engineers who, selflessly believing in their guess, are drawn into a dangerous game with the powers that be, trying to get funds from them to develop their own, in this case unrealistic, devices. Often they must "flee from kings and rulers without keeping their promise."

2. Here is the story of Peter the Great, who almost bought a supposedly perpetual motion machine for a lot of money. Peter I was an outstanding organizer of industrial production and shipbuilding. He delved into the technical details of most projects and, of course, he was also worried about the problem of perpetual motion. In 1715-22, Peter spent a lot of effort to buy Dr. Orphyreus' perpetual motion machine. Orphyreus' "self-propelled wheel" was probably the most successful perpetual motion hoax ever. The inventor agreed to sell his car only for 100,000 efimki (thalers), which was then a huge amount. At the beginning of 1725, the tsar wanted to personally inspect the perpetual motion machine in Germany, but soon Peter died. Here is a typical path of a successful engineer who has become, one would like to believe in the force of circumstances, a crook. Orphyreus was born in Germany in 1680, studied theology, medicine, painting, and finally took up the invention of the "perpetual" mobile. Until his death in 1745, he lived on a decent income, which he received by showing his car first at fairs, and then with powerful patrons, such as the Polish king and the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. The Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel arranged serious tests for the perpetual motion machine of Orphyreus. The engine was closed in the room and started, and then the room was locked, sealed and guarded. Two weeks later, the room was opened, and the wheel was still turning "with unrelenting speed." Then the landgrave arranged another test. The machine was restarted, and now no one entered the room for forty days. After opening the room, the machine continued to work. The rogue inventor received a paper from the Landgrave stating that the “perpetuum mobile” makes 50 revolutions per minute, is capable of lifting 16 kg to a height of 1.5 m, and can also drive a bellows and a grinder. Therefore, Peter the Great became interested in a wonderful machine. But not everyone believed Orphyreus. Anyone who caught him cheating was offered a very large bonus of 1,000 marks. But, as is often the case, Orphyreus fell victim to a domestic squabble. He quarreled with his wife and her maid, who knew the secret of the "perpetual motion machine". It turns out that the "perpetual motion machine" was indeed set in motion by people imperceptibly pulling on a thin cord. These people were the brother of the inventor and his maid. Orphyreus was indeed a very good inventor and a risky person if he could hide these people in the closed room of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel for several weeks. After all, they had to not only eat something, but also just go to the toilet. It is characteristic that Orphyreus stubbornly claimed that his wife and servants reported on him out of malice: "the whole world is filled with evil people who are very impossible to believe." The envoy of Peter the Great, the librarian and scientist Schumacher, who was preparing a deal with Orphyreus, wrote to Peter that French and English scientists “revere all of these repetitive mobiles and say that they are against mathematical principles.” This suggests that already one hundred and thirty years before the formulation of the law of conservation of energy, most scientists were convinced that it was impossible to create a perpetual motion machine.

Perpetual motion machines are usually designed using the following techniques or their combinations:

one). lifting water with an Archimedean screw;

2). the rise of water with the help of capillaries;

3). using a wheel with unbalanced weights;

four). natural magnets;

5). electromagnetism;

6). steam or compressed air.

17 most famous perpetual motion machines and why they don't work

Project 1. Wheel with rolling balls

Inventor's Idea: A wheel with heavy balls rolling in it. In any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side of the wheel will be farther from the center than the weights on the left half. Therefore, the right half must always pull the left half and make the wheel spin. So the wheel must keep turning forever.

Although the weights on the right side are always farther from the center than the weights on the left side, the number of these weights is just enough smaller that the sum of the weights of the weights multiplied by the projection of the radii perpendicular to the direction of gravity, on the right and on the left, are equal (FiLi = FjLj) .

Project 2. A chain of balls on a triangular prism

Inventor's Idea: A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown through a trihedral prism. There are four balls on the left, two on the right. The remaining eight balls balance each other. Consequently, the chain will come into perpetual motion counterclockwise.

Why the engine does not work: Loads are set in motion only by the component of gravity parallel to the inclined surface. On a longer surface, there are more weights, but the angle of inclination of the surface is proportionately smaller. Therefore, the gravity of the loads on the right, multiplied by the sine of the angle, is equal to the gravity of the loads on the left, multiplied by the sine of the other angle.

Project 3. "Bird Hottabych"

Inventor's Idea: A thin glass cone with a horizontal axis in the middle is soldered into a small container. The free end of the cone almost touches its bottom. A little ether is poured into the lower part of the toy, and the upper, empty, is glued on the outside with a thin layer of cotton wool. A glass of water is placed in front of the toy and tilted, forcing it to “drink”. The bird begins to bend over and dip its head into the glass two or three times a minute. Time after time, continuously, day and night, the bird bows until the glass runs out of water.

The head and beak of the bird are covered with cotton wool. When the bird “drinks water”, the cotton wool becomes saturated with water. When the water evaporates, the temperature of the bird's head decreases. Ether is poured into the lower part of the body of the bird, above which there are ether vapors (the air is pumped out). As the bird's head cools, the vapor pressure in the upper part decreases. But the pressure at the bottom remains the same. The excess pressure of ether vapors in the lower part lifts the liquid ether up the tube, the bird's head becomes heavier and leans towards the glass.

As soon as the liquid ether reaches the end of the tube, warm ether vapors from the lower part will fall into the upper part, the vapor pressure will equalize and the liquid ether will flow down, and the bird will again raise its beak, while capturing water from the glass. Evaporation of water starts again, the head cools and everything repeats. If the water did not evaporate, then the bird would not move. For evaporation from the surrounding space, energy is consumed (concentrated in water and ambient air).

A "real" perpetual motion machine must work without the expenditure of external energy. Therefore, Hottabych's bird is not really a perpetual motion machine.

Project 4. Float chain

Inventor's Idea: The high tower is filled with water. Through the pulleys installed at the top and bottom of the tower, a rope with 14 hollow cubic boxes with a side of 1 meter is thrown. The boxes in the water, under the action of the Archimedes force directed upwards, should sequentially float to the surface of the liquid, dragging the entire chain with them, and the boxes on the left go down under the action of gravity. Thus, the boxes fall alternately from air to liquid and vice versa.

Why the engine does not work: The boxes entering the liquid encounter very strong opposition from the liquid, and the work to push them into the liquid is no less than the work done by the Archimedes force when the boxes float to the surface.

Project 5. Archimedean screw and water wheel

Inventor's Idea: The Archimedean screw, rotating, raises water into the upper tank, from where it flows out of the tray in a jet that falls on the blades of the water wheel. The water wheel rotates the grindstone and at the same time moves, with the help of a series of gears, the same Archimedes screw that raises the water into the upper tank. The screw turns the wheel, and the wheel turns the screw! This project, invented back in 1575 by the Italian mechanic Strada the Elder, was then repeated in numerous variations.

Why the engine does not work: Most perpetual motion designs could actually work if it weren't for the existence of friction. If this is an engine, there must be moving parts, which means that it is not enough for the engine to rotate itself: it is also necessary to generate excess energy to overcome the friction force, which cannot be removed in any way.

Project 6. Based on the Brownian movement of gas molecules.

Inventor's Idea: The ratchet wheel is mounted on the shaft, and a small latch (dog) is pressed against it by a spring. At the other end of the shaft, four blades are mounted, which are in a vessel with gas. It is understood that the device is very small, molecular scale, from the field of nanotechnology. Gas molecules continuously and chaotically bombard the blades, causing the shaft to twitch in one direction or the other. But the ratchet can only turn in one direction, as the dog does not allow it to turn in the other direction. It turns out that the wheel will constantly rotate due to the Brownian motion of the gas molecules. This perpetual motion machine does not violate the law of conservation of energy. It simply uses the energy of the thermal movement of molecules.

Why is the engine not running: violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Project 7. Magnet and troughs

Inventor's Idea: A strong magnet is placed on the stand. Two inclined troughs are leaning against it, one under the other, and the upper trough has a small hole in its upper part, and the lower one is curved at the end. If, the inventor reasoned, a small iron ball B is placed on the upper trough, then due to attraction by magnet A, the ball will roll upward; however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute N, roll down it, run up the rounding D of this chute and fall on the upper chute M; from here, attracted by the magnet, it will roll up again, fall through the hole again, roll down again and again find itself on the upper chute, to start moving again from the beginning. Thus, the ball will constantly run back and forth, carrying out "perpetual motion". The design of this magnetic perpetuum mobile was described in the 17th century by the English bishop John Wilkens.

Why the engine does not work: The inventor thought that the ball, having rolled down the chute N to its lower end, would still have sufficient speed to lift it up the rounding D. This would be the case if the ball rolled under the influence of gravity alone: ​​then it would roll with acceleration. But our ball is under the action of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. The latter, by assumption, is so significant that it can make the ball rise from position B to C. Therefore, along the chute N, the ball will roll down not accelerated, but slowly, and even if it reaches the lower end, then, in any case, it will not accumulate the speed necessary to lift rounded D.

Project 8. "Eternal water supply"

Inventor's Idea: The pressure of the water in the large tank must constantly squeeze the water through the pipe into the top tank.

Project 9. Automatic watch winding

Inventor's Idea: The basis of the device is a large-sized mercury barometer: a bowl of mercury suspended in a frame, and a large flask with mercury turned upside down over it. Vessels are fixed movably one relative to the other; when atmospheric pressure increases, the flask descends and the bowl rises, while when the pressure decreases, vice versa. Both movements cause a small gear wheel to rotate always in one direction and raise the weights of the clock through the system of gear wheels.

Why is it not a perpetual motion machine: The energy necessary for the operation of the watch is “drawn” from the environment. In fact, this is not much different from a wind turbine - except that it is extremely low power.

Project 10 Oil rising from the wicks

Inventor's Idea: The liquid poured into the lower vessel rises by the wicks into the upper vessel, which has a chute for draining the liquid. Through the drain, the liquid falls on the blades of the wheel, causing it to rotate. Further, the oil that has flowed down again rises through the wicks to the upper vessel. Thus, the jet of oil flowing down the chute onto the wheel is not interrupted for a second, and the wheel must always be in motion.

Why the engine does not work: From the upper, bent part of the wick, the liquid will not flow down. Capillary attraction, overcoming gravity, lifted the liquid up the wick - but the same reason keeps the liquid in the pores of the wet wick, preventing it from dripping from it.

Project 11. Wheel with reclining weights

Inventor's Idea: The idea is based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced weights. Folding sticks with weights at the ends are attached to the edges of the wheel. At any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side will be thrown further from the center than on the left; this half, therefore, must pull the left one and thereby make the wheel turn. This means that the wheel will rotate forever, at least until the axle is frayed.

Why the engine does not work: The weights on the right side are always farther from the center, however, the position of the wheel is inevitable, in which the number of these weights is less than on the left. Then the system is balanced - therefore, the wheel will not rotate, but after making several swings, it will stop.

Project 12. Installation of engineer Potapov

Inventor's Idea: Potapov's hydrodynamic thermal plant with an efficiency factor exceeding 400%. The electric motor (EM) drives the pump (NS), forcing the water to circulate around the circuit (shown by arrows). The circuit contains a cylindrical column (OK) and a heating battery (BT). The end of the pipe 3 can be connected to the column (OK) in two ways: 1) to the center of the column; 2) tangential to the circle forming the wall of the cylindrical column. When connected according to method 1, the amount of heat given off to water is equal (taking into account losses) to the amount of heat radiated by the battery (BT) into the surrounding space. But as soon as the pipe is connected according to method 2, the amount of heat emitted by the battery (BT) increases 4 times! Measurements carried out by our and foreign experts showed that when 1 kW is supplied to the electric motor (EM), the battery (BT) gives as much heat as it should have been obtained with an expenditure of 4 kW. When connecting the pipe according to method 2, the water in the column (OK) receives a rotational movement, and it is this process that leads to an increase in the amount of heat given off by the battery (BT).

Why the engine does not work: The described installation was indeed assembled at NPO Energia and, according to the authors, worked. The inventors did not question the correctness of the law of conservation of energy, but argued that the engine draws energy from the "physical vacuum". Which is impossible, since the physical vacuum has the lowest possible energy level and it is impossible to draw energy from it.

A more prosaic explanation seems to be the most probable: there is an uneven heating of the liquid over the cross section of the pipe, and because of this, errors in temperature measurement occur. It is also possible that, against the will of the inventors, energy is “pumped” into the installation from an electrical circuit.

Project 13. Connections of a dynamo with an electric motor

Inventor's Idea: The pulleys of the electric motor and the dynamo are connected by a drive belt, and the wires from the dynamo are connected to the motor. If the dynamo-machine is given an initial impulse, then the current generated by it, entering the motor, will set it in motion; the energy of the movement of the motor will be transmitted by the belt to the pulley of the dynamo and set it in motion. Thus, the inventors believe, the machines will move one another, and this movement will never stop until both machines are worn out.

Why the engine does not work: Even if each of the connected machines were 100% efficient, we could make them move in this way without stopping only in the absence of friction. The combination of these machines (their "aggregate", in the language of engineers) is in essence one machine that sets itself in motion. In the absence of friction, the unit, like any pulley, would move forever, but no benefit could be derived from such a movement: it would be enough to force the “engine” to do external work, and it would immediately stop. Before us would be perpetual motion, but not perpetual motion. In the presence of friction, the unit would not move at all.

Project 14. Based on the Archimedean screw

Inventor's Idea: The LM part is a wooden cylinder with a spiral groove cut into it. In the device, this cylinder is closed with tin plates AB. The three water wheels are marked with the letters H, I, K, and the water tank located below is marked with the letters CD. When the cylinder rotates, all the water that rises up from the tank will flow into the vessel E, and from this vessel will pour out onto the wheel H and, therefore, rotate the wheel and the entire screw as a whole. If, however, the amount of water falling on wheel H is insufficient to rotate the screw, then it will be possible to use the water flowing from this wheel into vessel F and falling further on wheel I. As a result, the force of the water will double. If this is not enough, then the water entering the second wheel I can be directed to the vessel G and to the third wheel K. This cascade can be continued by installing as many additional wheels as the dimensions of the entire device allow.

Why the engine does not work: The device will not work for two reasons. First, the water that rises up does not form any significant stream, which then rushes down. Secondly, this flow, even in the form of a cascade, is not able to rotate the screw.

Project 15. Based on the law of Archimedes

Inventor's Idea: A part of a wooden drum, mounted on an axle, is immersed in water all the time. If the law of Archimedes is true, then the part immersed in water should float up and, as soon as the buoyant force is greater than the friction force on the axis of the drum, the rotation will never stop ...

Why the engine does not work: The drum will not move. The direction of the acting forces will always be perpendicular to the surface of the drum, i.e., along the radius to the axis. Everyone knows from everyday experience that it is impossible to make a wheel turn by applying force along the radius of the wheel. To cause rotation, it is necessary to apply force perpendicular to the radius, i.e., tangent to the circumference of the wheel. Now it is not difficult to understand why, in this case, too, the attempt to implement "perpetual" motion will end in failure.

Project 16. Based on the attraction of magnets

Inventor's Idea: The steel ball C is constantly attracted to the magnet B, which is located so that under its influence the wheel with slots in the rim rotates. (See Fig.) While the ball is moving, the wheel is also rotating.

Why the engine does not work: gravity and magnetic attraction balance each other.

Project 17. Loud watches

This "radium watch" was demonstrated to the public in 1903 by John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh). A year later, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Inventor's Idea: A small amount of radium salt is placed in a glass tube (A), which is coated on the outside with a conductive material. At the end of the tube there is a brass cap from which hang a pair of golden petals. All this is in a glass flask from which the air is pumped out. The inside of the cone is covered with a conductive foil (B) which is grounded through a wire (C).

The negative electrons (beta rays) that radium emits pass through the glass, leaving the central portion positively charged. As a result, the golden petals, repelled from each other, diverge. When they touch the foil, a discharge occurs, the petals drop and the cycle begins again. The half-life of radium is 1620 years. Therefore, such watches can work for many, many centuries without visible changes.

At one time, radium watches were a real perpetuum mobile, since the nature of nuclear energy was not known, and it was not clear where the energy came from. With the development of science, it became clear that the law of conservation of energy still prevails, and nuclear energy also obeys this law, like all other forms of energy.

Why is the engine not being used?: The power of this engine, performed by it per second, is so negligible that no mechanism can be put into action. To achieve any tangible results, it is necessary to have a much larger supply of radium. If we remember that radium is an extremely rare and expensive element, then we agree that a gratuitous engine of this kind would be too ruinous.

The laws of nature that exclude the possibility of creating a perpetuum mobile

For a perpetual motion machine to work, it must supply itself with energy. In other words, he must produce it in sufficient quantities, without having any external source. Imagine that you need to calculate the balance of energy expended on the performance of this or that type of work, whether it is the movement of an ocean liner, or hammering nails, or flying at supersonic speed. In any case, the amount of energy expended must always be equal to the amount of energy produced or released as a result of work. The energy that we loosely refer to as lost does not actually disappear. It simply passes into a different form, while the possibility of its further transformation into mechanical or electrical energy is excluded. This happens because friction heats up, and part of the energy is released in the form of heat. And this, generally speaking, is true for losses of any kind of energy, because they, in the end, always turn into heat. The same idea can be expressed in other words: in all cases, the total final amount of energy is equal to its total initial amount. Energy does not arise and does not disappear, but passes into another form, sometimes of little use or completely useless. For example, the heat generated in an internal combustion engine is an unnecessary and yet inevitable product of energy conversion. It can be used, say, to heat the car interior, but whether we do it or not, anyway, part of the work done by the engine will be spent on heat losses. Everything mentioned above is the essence of the most important law of nature - the law of conservation of energy, or the first law of thermodynamics. We have already said that a perpetual motion machine must do useful work without any external sources of energy. Simply put, no fuel should be burned in it and no mechanical forces should be applied to it. There is a number of evidence that it was the search for such an unrealizable machine that laid the foundation for mechanics as a science. The great scientists of the past accepted as an axiom the impossibility of creating a perpetuum mobile and thus helped the sprouts of a new science to break through.

Sometimes it is easy to prove the worthlessness of one or another perpetual motion project and thereby show that this particular method of its implementation will not lead to the desired result. But this does not mean at all that the possibility of constructing a perpetuum mobile by other means is automatically excluded. Therefore, until the law of conservation of energy was clearly formulated, the impossibility of creating a mechanical perpetual motion machine, established by centuries of experience, did not at all mean the impossibility of creating, say, a chemical engine. Of course, the futility of the search for perpetual motion was recognized even before this law became the property of science. However, this opinion was based not on some general provisions, but on an analysis of the principle of operation of individual "perpetual motion machines". Careful consideration of the next project always revealed some theoretical errors, due to which the engine could not work, and the inventor's claims turned out to be untenable.

Philosophers, mathematicians, and engineers contributed to the development of the now generally accepted criterion for the impracticability of perpetual motion, which proclaims the impossibility of creating energy from nothing. The law of conservation of energy has become an inevitable obstacle for the inventors of the perpetuum mobile. And all attempts to overcome this obstacle ended in failure. But soon another general position was formulated, which was called the second law of thermodynamics. This beginning, somewhat simplified, says that heat cannot increase spontaneously; in other words, if a more heated body is brought into contact with a less heated one, then the temperatures will equalize, and not increase their difference. This phenomenon (temperature equalization) had no theoretical explanation for a long time. First formulated by the German physicist Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausis (1822-1888), the second law of thermodynamics was purely empirical. True, an analogy was pointed out between the temperature change of the bodies in contact and the flow of water flowing down under the influence of its own gravity, but the situation was complicated by the fact that it was not possible to establish what external forces control this thermal process. Therefore, although experiment has always revealed a decrease in temperature, until the last quarter of the last century, doubts were expressed about the universality of the second law of thermodynamics. Moreover, some scientists have tried to prove that there are cases that violate the validity of this principle. In 1875, Maxwell's famous "Theory of Heat" was published, which stated that the nature of the action of the second law of thermodynamics can be clarified by the following thought experiment. If we imagine a certain device that would sort molecules according to their speed, then it would be possible to heat one half of a certain volume of gas and cool the other half without the expenditure of work and without violating the law of conservation of energy. The result of this mental experiment will be an increase in heat in one part of the vessel with gas and a decrease in the other. Modified in this way, the second law of thermodynamics acquired a probabilistic rather than a deterministic character. At the end of the last century, the physicists Boltzmann and Planck laid the scientific foundations for this issue. Boltzmann, in particular, showed that the spontaneous equalization of the temperatures of two bodies is the result of the transition of the molecules of these bodies from a less probable to a more probable state. The hypothetical transfer of heat from a less heated body to a more heated one is possible, but unlikely, in the light of this evidence. This point can be illustrated with a simple example. The law of diffusion of gases is very close to the law of heat transfer, since in the process of diffusion the gas molecules are distributed evenly. If the gas is not influenced from the outside, then there will be a tendency to equalize its density. It would be at least strange if the gas, which originally had a uniform density, suddenly began to accumulate in one part of the vessel, while leaving an unfilled space in its other part. A similar, highly improbable phenomenon would occur with heat passing from a less heated to a more heated body. Let's now assume that there is a tiny vessel that holds only two molecules, one in each half of the vessel. These molecules are in constant motion, hitting the walls and randomly jumping back and forth from one part of the vessel to another. In this case, it is obvious that there are four possible options for the arrangement of molecules in space:

A--B, A--A, AB<--0, 0-->AB.

In two out of four variants, a vacuum occurs in one half of the vessel. Therefore, the probability of such an event is 1/2, and we can expect that one part of the vessel will be empty half the time. With an increase in the number of molecules, the probability of the appearance of a vacuum drops sharply. With a total number of molecules equal to n, the probability that half of the vessel will be empty will be (1/2)n-1. In practice, the number of molecules is huge, so the probability of such an event is close to zero. So, for a real case, when the pressure difference in two halves of one cubic centimeter of gas does not exceed one percent, the probability of a vacuum in any half of this cube is negligible, small; such an event can occur once in 101016 years! And although these arguments look quite impressive, one circumstance still needs to be clarified. It should not be thought that if the occurrence of a vacuum is such a rare event, then we really have to wait for its occurrence for many millions of years. A vacuum can be created even in a minute! Moreover, the vacuum may occur twice within a minute, but for a very short time. Dr. Hale of the US Bureau of Standards has suggested that such a system of evidence could lead us to a similar conclusion about the possibility of a noticeable temperature difference spontaneously occurring in a certain volume of gas. It is known that the temperature is determined by the speed of movement of its molecules. At a temperature that is assumed to be constant, the velocities of individual gas molecules are far from uniform. However, they are all statistically distributed around the average value, which always remains unchanged. Let's look again at a microscopic vessel containing only four molecules. Let this time two molecules F1 and F2 be fast, and two other molecules S1 and S2 slow. Assuming that there are no changes in the density of the gas, we get six different options for the arrangement of molecules in the vessel:

F1S1 - F2S2F2S1 - F1S2F1S2 - F2S1F2S2 - F1S1S2S1 - F1F2F1F2 - S1S2

The first four cases are cases where the gas temperature is the same in both halves of the vessel, since modern measuring instruments give an average value. In the last two variants, there is a temperature difference; the probability of their occurrence for four molecules is 1/3.

As the number of molecules increases, the probability of any noticeable temperature difference in the two parts of our hypothetical vessel decreases sharply. It should also be borne in mind that in any volume of gas whose temperature we are able to measure or control, the temperature of each individual very small part of it constantly fluctuates relative to the calibration curve of the instrument, and in general the gas is as inhomogeneous in temperature as the surface of the ocean. is not completely flat.

So, the probability of a noticeable temperature difference in the gas is very small. But nevertheless it exists, and, therefore, one should not only recognize the possibility of heat transfer from a less heated body to a hotter one, but also agree that such a transition is continuously carried out, albeit on such an insignificant scale that we are unlikely to be able to observe. Therefore, as the German philosopher Carl Christian Planck (1819-1880) argued, there is a possibility, albeit a very small one, that water will freeze in a kettle placed over a fire.

The recognition by scientists of the possibility, firstly, of the transfer of heat from a less heated body to a more heated one, and, secondly, the occurrence of an insignificant, but still noticeable change in temperature and density, served as the basis for further reasoning. The question arose as to whether it is possible to create a device in which, as a result of such changes, the temperature difference would gradually increase, due to which it would be possible to perform useful work in the future? This question arose about eighty years ago, and this hypothetical device itself entered science under the name of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. It got this name because it had to do work without generating energy and contrary to the second law of thermodynamics.

The design of the device was first proposed by the Parisian Lippmann in 1900, and then in 1907 by Svedberg from the city of Uppsala (Sweden). In 1912, Smoluchowski published a detailed theoretical discussion of this problem. He showed that it is hardly worth hoping that with the help of a device containing gas molecules, it will be possible to accumulate these rare "deviations" from the second law, since any such device itself will be subject to changes at the molecular level. The constantly ongoing redistribution of the velocities of the molecules will destroy all the temperature drops that were supposed to accumulate in the device and that are fundamentally necessary for its operation.

This evidence seems to be very convincing, though discouraging. The conclusion that follows from it is remarkable: the second law of thermodynamics for long periods of time is valid only in a statistical sense.

Interestingly, thirteen years later, in March 1925, speaking to the staff of the American Bureau of Standards, Professor Debye said: in order to reconcile the phenomenon of light interference with quantum theory, it is necessary to assume that the law of conservation of energy is true only in a statistical sense. In his opinion, in very short periods of time, energy can be created, and for a long time its average value will remain unchanged. There is an implicit hint in Debye's suggestion that perpetual motion of the first kind, that is, the true creation of energy, is a kind of "scientific probability" and even a "possibility".

Attempts to create a perpetual motion machine often lead to fruitful discoveries

An excellent example is the way in which Stevin, a remarkable Dutch scientist of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, discovered the law of the balance of forces on an inclined plane. This mathematician deserves much more fame than the one that fell to his lot, because he made many important discoveries that we now constantly use: he invented decimals, introduced the use of indicators into algebra, discovered the hydrostatic law, later rediscovered by Pascal.

He discovered the law of the balance of forces on an inclined plane, not relying on the rule of the parallelogram of forces, only with the help of the drawing, which is reproduced here.

A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown through a trihedral prism. What will happen to this chain? The lower part, hanging like a garland, is balanced by itself. But do the other two parts of the chain balance each other? In other words: are the right two balls balanced by the left four? Of course, yes - otherwise the chain would always run by itself from right to left, because each time other balls would be placed in the place of the slipped balls, and the balance would never be restored. But since we know that the chain thrown over in this way does not move by itself at all, it is obvious that the two right balls are actually balanced by the four left ones. It turns out like a miracle: two balls pull with the same force as four.

From this imaginary miracle, Stevin deduced an important law of mechanics. He reasoned like this. Both chains - both long and short - weigh differently: one chain is heavier than the other as many times as the long side of the prism is longer than the short one. From this it follows that, in general, two weights connected by a cord balance each other on inclined planes if their weights are proportional to the lengths of these planes.

In a particular case, when a short plane is vertical, we obtain a well-known law of mechanics: in order to keep a body on an inclined plane, it is necessary to act in the direction of this plane by a force that is as many times less than the weight of the body as many times the length of the plane is greater than its height.

So, based on the idea of ​​the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine, an important discovery was made in mechanics. In addition, Simon Stevin did a lot of deep, pioneering work in physics and mathematics. He substantiated and put into circulation in Europe decimal fractions, negative roots of equations, formulated the conditions for the existence of a root in a given interval and proposed a method for its approximate calculation. Stevin was probably the first applied mathematician who brought his calculations to the number. To solve specific practical problems, he constantly developed applied computing. Stevin also attributed accounting to them, as a science of rational management, that is, he stood at the origins of mathematical methods in economics. Stevin believed that "the purpose of accounting is to determine the entire national wealth of the country." He was the superintendent for military and financial matters of the great commander, the creator of the modern regular army, Moritz of Orange. His position in modern terms is "Deputy Commander for Logistics".

An interesting person lives in Samara - the inventor Alexander Stepanovich Fabristov, who is now over 80 years old. Even in his youth, he was carried away by the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine, composed a lot of its designs, created many samples, but everything was unsuccessful. And only about 10 years ago he finally created a device that he calls "perpetual motion machine", and which, as he is convinced, is capable of generating "free" energy only due to the forces of gravity. Its device is not so tricky in design and consists of 8 metal "glasses" mounted on a crosspiece, lead corners, ratchet and two gear arcs. The "glass" attached to the crosspiece moves in a circle, passes through one arc - the square inside moves and the power arm becomes larger. Passes through another - the square rises to its original place. So, it turns out that the four "glasses" on one side have a much larger mass than the glasses on the other, due to the action of gravitational forces. Unfortunately, his “perpetual motion machine” has not been patented and not tested, since our Russian Institute of Patent Examination does not accept projects of such engines for consideration. To create a prototype is impossible for an inventor alone, and it seems to be indecent for industrial enterprises to engage in various inventions. But, in theory, this is an environmentally friendly engine that does not spoil the landscape and nature, does not pollute the atmosphere.

Tracing history, one can see that some inventors and scientists ardently believed in the possibility of creating a perpetual motion machine, while others stubbornly resisted this, looking for more and more new truths. Galileo Galilei, proving that any heavy body cannot rise above the level from which it fell, discovered the law of inertia. Thus, the benefits for science came from both believers and non-believers. The well-known physicist, academician Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg believed that, in essence, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine was scientific. Whether it is bad or good, but it prepared fertile ground for future natural scientists to comprehend higher truths. As the Tomsk professor, philosopher A.K. Sukhotin well said: "... steadily warming up interest, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine has become a kind of ideological engine of perpetual combustion, throwing fresh logs into the furnaces, looking for thoughts."

In the meantime, due to the large number of applications by inventors for the issuance of patents for the perpetual motion machines they invented, a number of national patent offices and academies of sciences of foreign countries (in particular, the Paris Academy of Sciences adopted a ban back in the 17th century), decided not to accept at all to the consideration of the application for the invention of an absolute engine, since this contradicts the law of conservation of energy.

Boris Viktorovich Raushenbakh, a world-famous Soviet academician in the field of mechanics, considers such decisions of scientific organizations to be erroneous and harmful to the further development of science. He argues that science should deeply investigate, prove and patiently explain, and not suppress and, moreover, not prohibit any inventions (“do not put a bridle on research activity wherever it is spent”). It is clear that the principle of conservation of energy cannot be shaken by any designs of perpetual motion machines, but refinements are possible, clarification of the scope of its application and intersection with other physical principles. It was discovered, for example, that this law is combined with the law of conservation of mass, and such a manifestation benefited a deeper understanding of these two laws.

Perpetuum mobile, the existence of which scientists do not deny

There is one real perpetual motion machine, the existence of which is not denied by science. This is the universe itself.

According to modern concepts, the universe had a beginning. It all started with the Big Bang sometime around 15 billion years ago. What happened before? Science usually answers that this question does not make sense, since time was born at the same time as the Universe, and there is no concept of “earlier” for the Big Bang singular point, just as there is no concept of “south” for the South Pole. This answer may not satisfy you. Then we'll have to send you to Blessed Augustine. They say that to the questions of those of little faith what God did before he created time, Blessed Augustine answered that God designed a special hell for those who would later ask such questions.

After the Big Bang and until now, the Universe has been expanding all the time. During this expansion, the energy of all particles in the universe decreases. It can be seen like this. Let's select a very large "cosmic cell" and see how it expands. It will be influenced by other parts of the Universe, since, for example, the light emitted by these parts will come to our cosmic cell after some time. How to take into account this influence? On large scales, the universe is homogeneous. This means that the light emitted by other cells is no different from what is emitted in our cell (as well as any other form of energy). Therefore, you can mentally remove all the other cells of the Universe, but imagine that our cosmic cell is surrounded by ideally reflective walls that reflect everything that is emitted or moves inside the cell. Thus, the influence of other parts of the Universe is replaced by the self-influence of the contents of the cosmic cell. If the cell is large enough and the universe is homogeneous, this replacement is justified.

But the radiation exerts pressure on the walls of the cell and, as it expands, does work. Therefore, the inhabitants of a space cell lose energy, just as gas molecules lose energy when they push a piston out of a cylinder. But there is a big difference. The energy of the molecules is converted into the kinetic energy of the cylinder. And in the case of the Universe, the same thing happens in all cells, they all lose energy. Where does this energy go? Nowhere. It is believed that the law of conservation of energy is not applicable to the universe as a whole.

However, this may only mean the incompleteness of our knowledge of the universe. Some scientists believe that the lost energy goes into gravitational energy and the total energy of the universe is still conserved. However, the definition of the gravitational energy of the Universe is not so simple and still causes heated debate.

Conclusion, or my attitude to the raised goal

Perpetuum mobile - a perpetual motion machine - a romantic dream of ascetics who tried to give mankind unlimited power over nature, a coveted source of enrichment for charlatans and adventurers; hundreds, thousands of projects never realized; cunning mechanisms that, it seemed, were about to start working, but for some reason remained immobile; broken destinies of fanatics, deceived hopes of patrons... But why did all this happen? Because of ignorance of elementary physical laws, because of the desire to get everything out of nothing. So far, patent offices are receiving applications with devices that are essentially perpetual motion machines. Apparently, there is some mystery in the very idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine, something that makes people look for and look for its secret. But, apparently, this is how a person works ...

Personally, I believe that creating an absolutely perpetual motion machine is impossible due to the elementary rules of physics. But the creation of an engine that will work for at least a century non-stop, in my opinion, is quite an interesting and solvable task.

Bibliography

1. Ihak-Rubiner F. Perpetuum mobile. M., 1922.

2. O. F. Kabardin, Physics: Reference Materials. M., 1991.

3. Brief Polytechnical Dictionary. M., 1956.

4. Ord-Khum A. Perpetual motion. M., 1980.

5. Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. M., 1991.

Modern classification of perpetual motion machines A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is a device capable of infinitely performing work without the expenditure of fuel or other energy resources. According to the law of conservation of energy, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure. The impossibility of implementing a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is postulated in thermodynamics as the first law of thermodynamics. The impossibility of implementing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is postulated in thermodynamics as one of the equivalent formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics

Kelvin's postulate it is impossible to create a periodically operating machine that performs mechanical work only by cooling the heat reservoir. Kelvin Clausius' postulate spontaneous transfer of heat from colder bodies to hotter bodies is impossible.

History At present, India is considered to be the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. Thus, Bhaskara, in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim.

Failure The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than those on the right side. According to the author's intention, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. When rotated, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force. of the lever

Failure However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer arm, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal. Moments of forces

Failure The figure shows the structure of another engine. The author decided to use the law of Archimedes to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Archimedes' law Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on a chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly.

Failure Here the following is not taken into account: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the bottom and top of a submerged object. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will balance or exceed the force acting on the rest of the tanks.

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Slides captions:

A perpetual motion machine (lat. Perpetuum Mobile) is an imaginary device that allows you to get useful work that is greater than the amount of energy communicated to it (the efficiency is more than 100%). perpetual motion machine

What are perpetual motion machines? Question: What are perpetual motion machines? Answer: None. But, despite this, there is a classification of perpetual motion machines.

Perpetuum mobile (perpetuum mobile) - is divided into perpetual motion machines of the first kind and second kind. The reasons why they cannot be constructed are called the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The realization that the creation of a perpetual motion machine is impossible prompted the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1775 to refuse to consider all such projects (the reason was something like this: “there is no freebie”).

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind was supposed to work without extracting energy from the environment. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine that reduces the energy of a thermal reservoir and converts it entirely into work without any changes in the environment.

Perpetuum mobile model In fig. 1 shows one of the oldest designs of a perpetual motion machine. It represents a gear wheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. According to the author's intention, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force. However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The differential reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal. Rice. 1. One of the oldest perpetual motion designs

Arabic perpetual motion Indian or Arabic perpetual motion machine with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury.

Perpetuum mobile with permanent magnets

Perpetuum mobile and Archimedes' law In fig. 2 shows the device of another engine. The author decided to use the law of Archimedes to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on the chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly. The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the rest of the tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out. Rice. 2. The design of a perpetual motion machine based on the law of Archimedes

Some examples of "perpetual motion machines"

Wheel with rolling balls Inventor's idea: A wheel with heavy balls rolling in it. In any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side of the wheel will be farther from the center than the weights on the left half. Therefore, the right half must always pull the left half and make the wheel spin. So the wheel must keep turning forever. Why the engine is not running: Although the weights on the right side are always farther from the center than the weights on the left side, the number of these weights is less than just enough that the sum of the weights of the weights, multiplied by the projection of the radii perpendicular to the direction of gravity, on the right and left are equal (F i L i = F j L j).

A chain of balls on a triangular prism Inventor's idea: A chain of 14 identical balls is thrown over a trihedral prism. There are four balls on the left, two on the right. The remaining eight balls balance each other. Consequently, the chain will come into perpetual motion counterclockwise. Why the engine does not work: Only the component of gravity that is parallel to the inclined surface moves the loads. On a longer surface, there are more weights, but the angle of inclination of the surface is proportionately smaller. Therefore, the gravity of the loads on the right, multiplied by the sine of the angle, is equal to the gravity of the loads on the left, multiplied by the sine of the other angle.

As early as the beginning of the 17th century, the remarkable Dutch physicist and engineer Simon Stevin (1548–1620), apparently the first in history, did the opposite. Experimenting with a trihedral prism and a chain of 14 identical balls, he suggested that a perpetual motion machine is impossible at all (this is a law of nature), and derived from this principle the law of balance of forces on an inclined plane: the forces of gravity acting on loads are proportional to the lengths of the planes on which they are lying. From this principle grew the vector law of addition of forces and the idea that forces should be described by a new mathematical object - a vector. In addition, Simon Stevin did a lot of deep, pioneering work in physics and mathematics. He substantiated and put into circulation in Europe decimal fractions, negative roots of equations, formulated the conditions for the existence of a root in a given interval and proposed a method for its approximate calculation. Stevin was probably the first applied mathematician who brought his calculations to the number. To solve specific practical problems, he constantly developed applied computing. Stevin also attributed accounting to them, as a science of rational management, that is, he stood at the origins of mathematical methods in economics. Stevin believed that "the purpose of accounting is to determine the entire national wealth of the country." He was the superintendent for military and financial matters of the great commander, the creator of the modern regular army, Moritz of Orange. His position in modern terms is "Deputy Commander for Logistics".

"Bird Hottabych" Inventor's idea: A thin glass cone with a horizontal axis in the middle is soldered into a small container. The free end of the cone almost touches its bottom. A little ether is poured into the lower part of the toy, and the upper, empty, is glued on the outside with a thin layer of cotton wool. A glass of water is placed in front of the toy and tilted, forcing it to “drink”. The bird begins to bend over and dip its head into the glass two or three times a minute. Time after time, continuously, day and night, the bird bows until the glass runs out of water.

Why it's not a perpetual motion machine: The bird's head and beak are covered with cotton wool. When the bird “drinks water”, the cotton wool becomes saturated with water. When the water evaporates, the temperature of the bird's head decreases. Ether is poured into the lower part of the body of the bird, above which there are ether vapors (the air is pumped out). As the bird's head cools, the vapor pressure in the upper part decreases. But the pressure at the bottom remains the same. The excess pressure of ether vapors in the lower part lifts the liquid ether up the tube, the bird's head becomes heavier and leans towards the glass. As soon as the liquid ether reaches the end of the tube, warm ether vapors from the lower part will fall into the upper part, the vapor pressure will equalize and the liquid ether will flow down, and the bird will again raise its beak, while capturing water from the glass. Evaporation of water starts again, the head cools and everything repeats. If the water did not evaporate, then the bird would not move. For evaporation from the surrounding space, energy is consumed (concentrated in water and ambient air). A "real" perpetual motion machine must work without the expenditure of external energy. Therefore, Hottabych's bird is not really a perpetual motion machine.

Chain of floats Inventor's idea: A tall tower filled with water. Through the pulleys installed at the top and bottom of the tower, a rope with 14 hollow cubic boxes with a side of 1 meter is thrown. The boxes in the water, under the action of the Archimedes force directed upwards, should sequentially float to the surface of the liquid, dragging the entire chain with them, and the boxes on the left go down under the action of gravity. In this way, the boxes go alternately from air to liquid and vice versa. Why the engine does not work: Boxes entering the liquid meet very strong opposition from the liquid, and the work to push them into the liquid is no less than the work done by the Archimedes force when the boxes float to the surface.

Archimedean screw and water wheel Inventor's idea: The Archimedean screw, rotating, raises water into the upper tank, from where it flows out of the tray in a jet that falls on the blades of the water wheel. The water wheel rotates the grindstone and at the same time moves, with the help of a series of gears, the same Archimedes screw that raises the water into the upper tank. The screw turns the wheel, and the wheel turns the screw! This project, invented back in 1575 by the Italian mechanic Strada the Elder, was then repeated in numerous variations. Why the engine doesn't work: Most perpetual motion designs could actually work if it weren't for the existence of friction. If this is an engine, there must be moving parts, which means that it is not enough for the engine to rotate itself: it is also necessary to generate excess energy to overcome the friction force, which cannot be removed in any way.

Orphyreus Machine Inventor's Idea: Some inventors of perpetual motion machines were just crooks, deftly tricking the gullible public. One of the most prominent "inventors" was a certain doctor Orfireus (real name - Bessler). The main element of its engine was a large wheel, which supposedly not only rotated by itself, but also lifted a heavy load to a considerable height. Why the engine does not work: The "perpetual motion machine" turned out to be far from eternal - it was powered by Orphyreus's brother and a servant, pulling a cleverly hidden cord.

Magnet and troughs Inventor's idea: A strong magnet is placed on a stand. Two inclined troughs are leaning against it, one under the other, and the upper trough has a small hole in its upper part, and the lower one is curved at the end. If a small iron ball is placed on the upper chute, then due to attraction by the magnet it will roll upwards, however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute, roll down it, rise along the final rounding and again fall on the upper chute. Thus, the ball will run continuously, thereby carrying out perpetual motion. The design of this magnetic perpetuum mobile was described in the 17th century by the English bishop John Wilkens. Why the motor does not work: The device would work if the magnet acted on the metal ball only during its rise to the stand along the upper chute. But the ball rolls down slowly under the action of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. Therefore, by the end of the descent, it will not acquire the speed necessary to rise along the rounding of the lower chute and begin a new cycle.

"Eternal plumbing" Inventor's idea: The water pressure in the large tank must constantly squeeze water through the pipe into the upper tank. Why the engine does not work: The author of the project did not understand that the hydrostatic paradox is that the water level in the pipe always remains the same as in the tank.

Automatic watch winding Inventor's idea: The basis of the device is a large-sized mercury barometer: a bowl with mercury suspended in a frame, and a large flask with mercury overturned upside down over it. Vessels are fixed movably one relative to the other; when atmospheric pressure increases, the flask descends and the bowl rises, while when the pressure decreases, vice versa. Both movements cause a small gear wheel to rotate always in one direction and raise the weights of the clock through the system of gear wheels. Why it's not a perpetual motion machine: The energy needed to run the watch is "drawn" from the environment. In fact, this is not much different from a wind turbine - except that it is extremely low power.

Oil rising through the wicks Inventor's idea: The liquid poured into the lower vessel is lifted by the wicks into the upper vessel, which has a chute for draining the liquid. Through the drain, the liquid falls on the blades of the wheel, causing it to rotate. Further, the oil that has flowed down again rises through the wicks to the upper vessel. Thus, the jet of oil flowing down the chute onto the wheel is not interrupted for a second, and the wheel must always be in motion. Why the engine does not work: Liquid will not flow down from the upper, bent part of the wick. Capillary attraction, overcoming gravity, lifted the liquid up the wick - but the same reason keeps the liquid in the pores of the wet wick, preventing it from dripping from it.

Wheel with tilting weights Inventor's idea: The idea is based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced weights. Folding sticks with weights at the ends are attached to the edges of the wheel. At any position of the wheel, the weights on the right side will be thrown further from the center than on the left; this half, therefore, must pull the left one and thereby make the wheel turn. This means that the wheel will rotate forever, at least until the axle is frayed. Why the engine does not run: The weights on the right side are always farther from the center, but it is inevitable that the wheel will be positioned in such a way that the number of these weights is less than on the left. Then the system is balanced - therefore, the wheel will not rotate, but after making several swings, it will stop.

Engineer Potapov's installation Inventor's idea: Potapov's hydrodynamic thermal installation with efficiency exceeding 400%. The electric motor (EM) drives the pump (NS), forcing the water to circulate around the circuit (shown by arrows). The circuit contains a cylindrical column (OK) and a heating battery (BT). The end of the pipe 3 can be connected to the column (OK) in two ways: 1) to the center of the column; 2) tangential to the circle forming the wall of the cylindrical column. When connected according to method 1, the amount of heat given off to water is equal (taking into account losses) to the amount of heat radiated by the battery (BT) into the surrounding space. But as soon as the pipe is connected according to method 2, the amount of heat emitted by the battery (BT) increases 4 times! Measurements carried out by our and foreign experts showed that when 1 kW is supplied to the electric motor (EM), the battery (BT) gives as much heat as it should have been obtained with an expenditure of 4 kW. When connecting the pipe according to method 2, the water in the column (OK) receives a rotational movement, and it is this process that leads to an increase in the amount of heat given off by the battery (BT).

Why the engine does not work: The described installation was indeed assembled at NPO Energia and, according to the authors, worked. The inventors did not question the correctness of the law of conservation of energy, but argued that the engine draws energy from the "physical vacuum". Which is impossible, since the physical vacuum has the lowest possible energy level and it is impossible to draw energy from it. A more prosaic explanation seems to be the most probable: there is an uneven heating of the liquid over the cross section of the pipe, and because of this, errors in temperature measurement occur. It is also possible that, against the will of the inventors, energy is “pumped” into the installation from an electrical circuit.

Moon and planets Inventor's idea: Perpetual motion of the Moon around the Earth and planets around the Sun. Why the engine does not work: Here there is a confusion of concepts: "perpetual motion" and "perpetual motion". The total (potential and kinetic) energy of the solar system is a constant value, and if we want to do work at its expense (which, in principle, is not excluded), then this energy will decrease. But we still won’t get “free” work.

And yet it exists? The French Academy of Sciences, which once refused to accept perpetual motion projects for consideration, thereby slowed down technical progress, delaying the emergence of a whole class of amazing mechanisms and technologies for a long time. Only a few developments have managed to break their way through this barrier.

PERPETUAL MOBILE IN WATCHES One of them is a watch that does not require winding, which, ironically, is produced today in France. The energy source is fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure during the day. A special hermetic container, depending on the change in the environment, slightly "breathes". These movements are transmitted to the mainspring, winding it up. The mechanism is thought out so subtly that a change in temperature of just one degree ensures the movement of the clock for the next two days. Provided that this mechanism is in good working order, it will function exactly as long as the Sun shines and the Earth exists, that is, almost forever.

Presentation on the topic of creating a perpetual motion machine. Pupil 10 A class Kudryavtsev Dmitry

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is an imaginary device capable of endlessly doing work without consuming fuel or other energy resources. According to the law of conservation of energy, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure. The impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is postulated in thermodynamics as the first law of thermodynamics. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies. The impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is postulated in thermodynamics as one of the equivalent formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. Both the first and second laws of thermodynamics were introduced as postulates after repeated experimental confirmation of the impossibility of creating perpetual motion machines. From these beginnings, many physical theories have grown, verified by many experiments and observations, and scientists have no doubt that these postulates are true and the creation of a perpetual motion machine is impossible.

Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines. Here is one of the oldest designs of perpetual motion machine. It represents a gear wheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. According to the author's intention, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force. However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The differential reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.

The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the rest of the tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out. . The design of a perpetual motion machine based on the law of Archimedes The law of Archimedes.

Unfortunately, all these theories about the creation of a perpetual motion machine are erroneous, but scientists managed to create an eternal car.