Requirements for sewerage in an apartment building. Sewerage systems of high-rise buildings. Storm sewer device

In order to conduct an autonomous sewage system in private ownership, you need to have an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhow the sewage system is arranged in a multi-storey building, since the principles of the approach and the rules are the same.

Current requirements for the sewer system in an apartment building

The wiring of the drain system when installing sewerage in a panel apartment building is carried out taking into account SNiP 2.04.01-85 and GOST 21.604-82. Each type of plumbing fixtures has its own pipe size: for bidets and toilets, a diameter of 85-100 mm is required, a bathtub, shower and sinks are connected through pipes with a diameter of 40-50 mm.

Fittings of appropriate configurations are used to connect pipes of different diameters, perform turns and branches. The pipeline to the outlet of the drain into the first sewer manhole constitutes the intra-house sewerage system. According to the rules, sections of the pipeline are laid in a straight line, the connection is allowed at an oblique angle.

Pipes must be made of durable and corrosion-resistant materials. Risers are installed discreetly in shafts, niches or boxes. Doors for access to PVC pipes are allowed to be made from “combustible” building materials, for polyethylene pipes from “non-combustible”.

When designing a sewerage scheme for a panel house, the tie-in point of the apartment wiring into the riser is taken into account. It is located in the interfloor. The depth of its location is taken when calculating the slope of the pipes of intra-apartment drains, depending on the size of their cross section.

Outlets from the house to the manhole are made with a slope of 0.02 and an angle of connection to the main line of at least 90 degrees. The slope for pipelines with a diameter of 40-50 mm should be 0.03; the slope rate for a section of 85-100 mm is assumed to be 0.02. A maximum slope of 15% is specified. The slope is measured in % or fractions, for example, a slope of 0.02 means 2 cm per linear meter. With a length of 10 meters, the height between the beginning and end of the pipeline section should be 20 cm.

The inset drain from the shower stall, which is located 3 meters from the riser, should be located at a height of 9 cm. Plumbing devices in a high-rise building must be connected to the riser through siphons, which, with the help of a water plug, trap unpleasant odors.

Inserting toilet and bidet drains does not require the installation of a siphon, as they have it in their design. Dishwashers and washing machines are equipped with a check valve to prevent odors, therefore they are connected to the riser without an additional locking device. The flat arrangement of the bath and shower siphons allows them to be connected at a low height.

In the basements of residential buildings, open laying of engineering communications is allowed, but only in the absence of service or storage facilities. Ceilings through which communications pass must be sealed with a grout. At the point of insertion into a horizontal collector, a riser of 8-10 cm is also supposed to be sealed with a cement jacket 2-3 cm thick, before that the pipes are covered with waterproofing material.

The depth of laying pipes outside the house depends on the operating conditions: the pipeline must withstand permanent and temporary loads and be protected from freezing.

Sewerage device in a typical MKD

The sewerage scheme in an apartment building is carried out according to standard projects and consists of two branches:

• with a drain pipe diameter of 110 mm for toilet bowls;
• with a diameter of 50 mm for collecting waste from washbasins and sinks.

Polluted water from both branches enters the sewer riser, from where it is transported to a prefabricated common house collector, which on the one hand is connected to the street network collector, and on the other hand has an exhaust pipe for sewer ventilation. The accumulated vapors are removed and dissipated in the atmosphere due to the draft formed in the riser. The height of the fan pipe above the roof must be at least 20 cm. The force of the wind affects the amount of thrust.

A vacuum valve is installed at the outlet of the fan riser. It controls the movement of air when a vacuum appears during a volley drain into the sewer. Air enters when it is discharged through the air intake grille of the valve, without breaking the hydraulic seals. As soon as the pressure equalizes, the valve closes and blocks the movement of stench through the valve grate into the apartment or the attic of the house.

The entire system, from plumbing fixtures to a common collector, works on the principle of gravity and requires observance of slopes of collectors and mains, ensuring the required pipe diameters throughout the branch, correct network configuration, selection of connecting fittings and the presence of inspection hatches.

Features of installation in an apartment building

Sewer risers should be changed every 25-30 years

Usually one sewer riser in the toilet is used to collect drains from the bathroom, kitchen and toilet. If the kitchen is removed from the bathroom, make a second collector. The shorter the wiring, the more efficiently the waste will be removed into the sewer system.

The risers collect drains from all plumbing fixtures located on different floors one below the other and have a continuation on the roof in the form of an exhaust pipe - a weather vane. Vertical risers go into a common house horizontal collector with a slope towards the sewage well to ensure gravity transportation. The street sewerage pipeline collects effluents that have fallen into manholes and delivers them to the city's treatment facilities.

A storm sewer is installed to remove rainfall. Its calculation is based on the condition that 1.5 cm2 of communications remove water from 1 m2 of the roof.

Operation and maintenance

Soviet sewers were made of cast-iron pipes, which, although they had a rough inner surface, served for decades. Their replacement and installation required time and effort. Plastic products are replacing cast iron ones, since their installation and replacement during repairs is facilitated by using fittings of various configurations, and the smooth inner surface does not retain waste.

Sewer system blockages, when installed in compliance with SNiP, are caused by fatty deposits, which settle in cooled drains along with other waste. In such cases, cleaning by manual or mechanized devices is required. With small blockages, chemical cleaning methods are effective.

Often missed items fall into the sewer and clog, they cling to bumps, delaying the progress of sewage, and become overgrown with debris. With the addition of fatty deposits, the passage narrows, the sewer clogs. You have to remove the obstacle with the help of mechanical cleaning machines. Cleaning is carried out from two sides: through inspection hatches in the basement and from the side of the sewer well.

When planning repairs that include the replacement of sewers, the connection of additional devices and appliances, or redevelopment, it is necessary to understand the basic principles of the design of this system. Without a clear understanding of the principles of operation, you will not be able to avoid many mistakes during the installation process. And the price of such errors is usually quite high, because the only way to fix it is to completely redo the entire wiring.

It should be noted that the sewerage device in an apartment building is not a complex system. Its tasks are simple and intuitive: transporting wastewater from water intake points, which can be washbasins, sinks, washing machines, bath bowls, etc., to the riser.

Note!
The main difficulty in installing a sewer pipeline is that wastewater must move by gravity, so the project must take this circumstance into account.

Sewers of a typical apartment building

Houses built according to standard designs of the last century usually provide for close placement of a bathroom and kitchen, so the sewer pipeline is the same in them.

Wiring is usually done in the following sequence:

1. Under the sink in the kitchen, as a rule, the system begins;
2. Then he goes to the bathroom;
3. The toilet, where the insert is made into the central riser, which goes through all the floors of the building.

Note!
The riser of the house must have an outlet to the roof in order to ensure ventilation of the system.

The installation of the system should be based on the following principles:

• The main task of the system is to transport wastewater from appliances in each apartment to a common riser;
• The operation of the system is based on the principle of gravity without the need to create additional pressure;
• In order to organize gravity flow, pipes must be placed at an angle;

Note!
The angle of inclination of the pipeline is regulated by the norms and rules for sewerage in an apartment building.

• The slope must be maintained throughout the length of the pipeline. In the absence of a slope, some sections of the system, especially in turning sections, will often form a sewer blockage in an apartment building.

Scheme of the sewer pipeline

As a rule, all plumbing fixtures in the house need to be connected to the sewer riser, with the exception of the heated towel rail and water heater, which do not require a drain.

To organize a sewer system within one apartment, a standard scheme is usually used:

1. The sewer riser is equipped with a cross, which is equipped with three outlets, two of which are designed for connection with tubes of 50 mm in diameter, and one for 100 mm pipes;
2. The main line of the system with a diameter of 10 cm is used for organization;
3. One of the lines with a diameter of 5 cm is needed to connect appliances that are located in the bathroom, these can be: a bathtub, a shower cabin, a washbasin, etc .;
4. The second five-centimeter line is needed to organize the drain of the appliance in the kitchen, which, as a rule, is a sink, dishwasher, etc.;
5. The rest of the pipes in the system are a branching of the mains to the connected plumbing. The connection sequence in this case is determined only by the installation location of additional plumbing.

Note!
In apartments with a fairly large area, it can be equipped with two sewer outlets, especially if the layout provides for a remote location of the bathroom and kitchen.

Sewer repair

Due to the fact that eternal equipment has not yet been invented, at one time each owner will be faced with the need to repair the sewer in an apartment building.

Pipe selection

Modern homeowners have not installed cast iron pipes for a long time, most of them prefer plastic.

The following types of pipes are suitable for sewerage:

• PVC - polyvinyl chloride;
• HDPE - polyethylene;
• PPRC - polypropylene.

Advice. There is no fundamental difference between these types of materials.
Of these, both a sewer pipeline and a storm sewer in an apartment building can be created.

Assembly technology

The instruction stipulating how to assemble pipes with your own hands is extremely simple and understandable:

• Each pipe is equipped with a soft rubber seal on one of its sides;
• The connecting elements of the system, called fittings, have the same couplings;
• To organize a joint, it is required to connect the empty end of the pipe without a coupling to the fitting or pipe coupling. The rubber ring of such a coupling will guarantee the tightness of the connection;
• Experts recommend driving the pipe all the way, and then move it back a distance of no more than 1 cm. This method provides a damper gap that will compensate for linear expansions.

In the event that the plumbing fixture is so far from the sewer riser that it is not possible to organize the movement of water by gravity, it is necessary to install a sewage pump in the system.

Terms of use

There are rules for using sewerage in an apartment building, which each user of the sewer system is simply obliged to follow in order to avoid breakdowns and blockages.

1. Wash basins and sinks must be kept clean;
2. The owners must monitor the health of their own plumbing fixtures and prevent breakdowns;
3. It is forbidden to pour flammable liquids and acids into the system;
4. Do not allow the senseless consumption of water, its constant flow or leaks;
5. It is forbidden to throw food waste into the drain;
6. It is forbidden, if the sewer system is clogged, to drain before the sewer is cleaned in an apartment building;
7. It is forbidden to throw construction waste, sand, dry building mixtures and their residues, rags, hygiene items, with the exception of toilet paper, glass, wood and metal objects into the drain;
8. Protect pipes and plumbing fixtures from mechanical shock and severe stress;
9. Use a soft, damp cloth to clean the outside of the plastic pipe;

Advice. Under no circumstances should metal brushes be used for surface cleaning.

1. When plastic pipes are clogged, steel wire cannot be used; such cleaning is done with a thin polyethylene pipe or a hard rubber hose.

Sewerage is necessary for the disposal of sewage and liquid waste, and all family members, including children, should be familiar with the rules for its use.

Finally

If you are planning to make a major overhaul with a complete replacement of sewer pipes, then the video in this article will help you with a detailed description of all stages of work. But the main rule of this process is to do everything well and efficiently, since the proper operation of the sewage system is the key to a comfortable stay in an apartment building.

And in addition to the correct production of repair work, it is also necessary to use this system correctly, excluding breakdowns and blockages in the system.

A sewer riser is a vertical pipe in a bathroom where waste from plumbing fixtures from all over the house flows. As a rule, the bathroom, toilet and kitchen in the apartments are located nearby, which allows you to create a common sewer wiring for all plumbing. In this case, the sewerage device in a multi-storey building has a minimum length, which is significant for a gravity sewer system. If there are problems with waste disposal, in 90% of cases this is due to a malfunction of the riser.

When installing plumbing equipment in a multi-storey building, it is necessary to carefully study the plan of the entire building. This is especially important if:

• installation of a plumbing fixture is not provided for by the current sewerage scheme in an apartment building
• the transfer of plumbing to another place is not initially provided for by the design of the structure;
• a sewer pipe in a toilet of a different diameter and size is replaced, or pipes of a special configuration and shape are installed.

Violations of the sewerage system plan in one apartment can lead to a deterioration in the functioning of the waste disposal system of the entire building. Therefore, it is strictly forbidden to make changes to the sewage system in the apartment. The SNIP instruction categorically prohibits the redevelopment of sewer pipes.

The sewerage system in an apartment building is a complex structure, the wiring of which, as a rule, begins with the kitchen, from where it passes through the bathroom to the toilet. From the toilet, wiring leads to a common riser with access to the roof and basement. Through the roof, ventilation of the sewer riser is carried out, and through the basement, all drains enter the sewer well. Such a system meets all the requirements of SNIP, makes it easy to remove any blockage in the basement.

Drains from all water supply systems of the apartments are connected to a common riser - a vertical pipe in the toilet. At the bottom, the riser passes into a horizontal common house collector, from where the drains enter the well, the hatches of which we see every day on the streets and in the yards. From here, all wastewater enters the general sewerage system, and ultimately ends up in the well of the city's wastewater treatment plant.

Sewerage elements in the apartment

To understand how to change the sewer riser in a private house or apartment, it is necessary to clearly understand the device of this design.

The common sewer riser in the apartment consists of the following elements:

• pipe - sockets 0.3-3 meters long form straight sections;
• tee - is necessary for connecting a toilet bowl or a comb (internal sewerage). The side outlet can be straight or oblique;
• cross - needed to connect to the plumbing riser, located on both sides of it;
• revision - a hatch for cleaning the sewer. The plastic inspection hatch is a short tee with a threaded cap on the side outlet; the cast-iron revision is equipped with ears for attaching the cover to the bolts. Tightness is ensured by a rubber gasket. Sometimes, instead of revision, an oblique tee with a plug is used;
• fan branch - the output of the riser for the roof. Provides ventilation and air suction during salvo discharge of water.

The sewerage system in an apartment building suggests that the revision hatch should be located:

1. In the basement or, in his absence, on the first floor of the building.
2. Upstairs.
3. In five-story and higher buildings - every three floors.

The riser is assembled from a cast-iron or plastic socket. The neck of each pipe must be fixed to the main wall with a clamp. The fixation is designed to prevent detachment of the sockets. All connections are carefully sealed to prevent leakage of drains and penetration of stench into the room.

Tightness can be ensured:

1. For cast-iron pipeline pipes - sealing with a cable (organic fiber impregnated with oil or bitumen), followed by sealing the socket with cement mortar. Sometimes the socket is filled with molten sulfur;
2. For plastic pipeline - rubber ring seal. It is mounted in a groove on the inside of the socket and fits tightly around the pipe placed in it.

Attention! It is better to seal the cast-iron socket on your own with a graphite gland. It is more durable than the cable and does not require mandatory sealing with mortar.

In the basement, the vertical pipe of the riser passes into a lezhnevka - a horizontal branch that connects several risers with an outlet into the well. If a persistent smell of feces is felt from the basement, then the bed is most likely damaged. In buildings built after the 70s, the typical diameter of the bed is 100 mm; in earlier constructions, their diameter is 150 and even 200 mm.

Who should repair the riser?

It is worth figuring out who should repair and change the sewer riser in the apartment when it is worn out. For example, if a cast-iron bell began to crumble or an ear fell off under the revision cover.

Decree No. 354 of the Government of the Russian Federation in paragraph 5 lists the elements of the sewer system that relate to the common property of the residents of the house:

• sewer outlets;
• risers and branches from them to the first butt joint;
• exhaust (fan) pipes;
• revisions.

A common vertical pipe, that is, a riser and all its components, belongs to the elements of responsibility of the service company or housing organization, regardless of the type of housing ownership. That is, the replacement of the riser in the toilet should be carried out by a responsible organization. But there are some nuances here.

The service company may refuse to change the sewer riser in the toilet if the tenants of the apartment have debts for water and pipeline maintenance. But the organization is obliged to carry out sewer repair work if there is a risk of flooding neighboring apartments with sewage. In this case, the management company can eliminate the defect with the help of a tee or a cross of a smooth pipe, drowning out the outlet for the debtor's apartment.

If residents previously independently repaired or replaced elements of the public sewer, then in the event of an accident in this area, all the consequences fall on the shoulders of homeowners. If the commission comes to the conclusion that the accident happened due to deterioration of the pipeline, then the responsible organization will bear all the costs.

Any blockage of the sewer riser is a problem for the management company, since this element of the system belongs to common property. Even if a traffic jam has arisen between the last and the next floor, it is definitely impossible to prove that the owner of the upper apartment is the culprit of the blockage. After all, the fan branch on the roof is available to everyone.

Repair of the bed, well and other elements of the sewer system, which are located in the basement, is carried out by the housing office.

Therefore, if there are problems with the elements of common property, it would be right to contact the appropriate organization, which should resolve the issue.

Frequent breakdowns and how to fix them

Residents of apartments with an emergency riser sometimes have to wait a very long time for action from the management company. To eliminate the annoying problem, you have to independently replace the tee in the sewer riser or change the straight section of the pipe.

Replacing the riser between floors

How to change the sewer riser if the tightness of the straight section between the floors, limited by socket joints, is broken?

Destroyed sewer pipe. The repair will consist in replacing the section of the riser between the floors. We will need:

1. a straight pipe with a length equal to the length of the section to be replaced;
2. the presence of a sewer compensator.

Part of the damaged cast-iron sewer riser can be replaced with plastic pipes. To connect such segments, the surface of the cast-iron pipe must be carefully cleaned of rust and layers of paint. Then put the plastic socket on the cast iron socket, carefully sealing the joint.

Attention! Replacing a section of a plastic riser with cast-iron pipes is not possible!

All work should be discussed with the neighbors of the upper floors. We need to persuade them not to use the sewers at the set time. If there is access to the basement, then it is better to turn off cold and hot water through the riser. Even in this case, among the residents, someone always forgets about limiting the use of sewage, so it is worth preparing a deep container in case the neighbors still use the bathroom.

The further course of action is as follows:

1. Cut the sewer pipe in two places (below and above the gap).
2. Remove the destroyed fragment of the riser.
3. Disassemble adjacent socket connections.
4. Put the compensator on the top tube until it stops.
5. Insert the straight pipe into the bottom socket.
6. Place the compensator in the socket.
7. Secure the necks with clamps.

If the lower socket is placed in the floor, it is not necessary to open it. You just need to add a sewer coupling. After the defective section above the overlap is cut out, the coupling must be put on the down pipe with the outer chamfer previously removed. Further actions are identical to those described above.

Replacing the riser in the ceiling

If the socket inside the ceiling is broken, then dismantling the ceiling is indispensable. The technological hole in the concrete slab is sealed with a cement-sand mortar. It needs to be broken.

First of all, it is necessary to dismantle the toilet bowl and all the fragile interior details in the lower and upper apartments. If the lower toilet is placed on cement or glue, then only the tank can be removed, and the bowl can be covered with a sheet of plywood or boards. The upper toilet will have to be removed completely, since the cross or tee needs to be replaced.

Cement-sand seal can be dismantled:

• jackhammer;
• perforator;
• hammer with chisel.

The further procedure looks like this:

1. Make two cuts on the riser closer to the top of the area to be replaced. Cast iron can be cut with a grinder or pricked with a sharp chisel; the plastic pipe is cut with an ordinary garden saw;
2. Dismantling the bell by bell, completely dismantle the problem area. In the upper apartment, it is often necessary to disconnect plumbing fixtures from the sewer, which makes it difficult to remove the comb from the sockets of the tee or cross;
3. Assemble the riser from the bottom up. In this case, each socket must immediately be fixed to the wall with a clamp. An exception is a socket located in the ceiling: it will be securely fixed when the hole is sealed with mortar. In order for the tee or cross to match in height with the comb of the upper apartment, the pipe located under them will have to be cut in place;
4. When collecting a riser in the upper apartment, use a compensating pipe.

Trimming plastic sockets in place is carried out in compliance with two simple rules:

1. From the inside, you need to remove all burrs that rags and other debris can cling to, causing blockage.
2. A chamfer is removed from the outside, which greatly simplifies the assembly of the connection.

Attention! If the plastic socket connects with great force, then a little liquid soap should be applied to the O-ring.

After assembling the riser under the ceiling, you need to assemble the formwork, for example, from plywood. Then put 2-3 reinforcement rods into the hatch, resting on the edges of the hole. Then fill the technological hole with a cement-sand mortar in a ratio of 1:3.

The appearance of a leak

A typical problem with old cast-iron risers is the destruction of the socket, crushed by the weight of the pipe resting on it. This problem can be solved in two ways:

1. Replacement of the section of the riser with a socket. The procedure is identical to that described above for replacing the riser between floors.
2. Installation of a rubber bandage. In its role can be a bandage-rubber bought at a pharmacy or a bicycle chamber cut along the length.

The bandage is placed like this:

1. Wrap the rubber tightly on the problematic section with a 10-15 cm overhang on the undamaged area.
2. Pull off the bandage with knitting wire.

Often, the cause of a sewer leak in the ceiling is the subsidence of the lower cast-iron pipe under the influence of its own weight. As a result of subsidence, the upper pipe completely or partially leaves the socket of the lower one, and when the riser is filled with drains from the ceiling, it begins to flow.

Diagnosing a drawdown is quite simple. Its sure sign is an unpainted strip of cast iron on a sewer riser just under the ceiling. The reason for the subsidence is poor-quality sealing of the technological hole in the ceiling, coupled with unreliable fastening of the pipe to the wall.

The problem is solved like this:

1. Attach a clamp made of strong rope or thick wire to the pipe.
2. On the floor of the bathroom, build a solid support from a bar, board or other improvised material;
3. Then apply the principle of the lever: rest the crowbar or pipe on a support and bring it under the clamp. The weight of an adult is usually quite enough to lift the pipe to its original position;
4. Then attach the riser with clamps to the main wall. For temporary fixation, a pair of wooden wedges driven into the lower socket can be used;
5. The bell is re-minted with a cable or gland and sealed with cement mortar.

Clogged sewer line

If the water level in the bathtub and toilet bowl rises even with the taps closed, this is a sure sign of a blockage in the sewer riser or bed.

To clean the riser can be used:

1. With a small (up to 2-3 meters) distance from the nearest revision to the blockage site - a sewer cable.
2. At a greater distance - sewer wire.

Your task is to gain access to the nearest revision or tee located above the blockage.

Attention! Cleaning the riser from the bottom up is a very bad idea. When cleaning, a column of sewage several meters high will cover you and everything around with an even layer of substance with an unforgettable aroma.

It is better to clean the riser with two people. One person pulls the cable or wire, preventing them from folding in loops, and rotates the handle; the second one delivers the tool to the blockage site. After the water leaves, continue to rotate the cable on the return stroke: in this way you will not allow the cause of the blockage caught by the hook to float again.

If the cable or wire does not get through the blockage, you can try to clean the riser from the roof. For this purpose, a crowbar tied to a strong rope is lowered into the fan pipe. The length of the rope should not allow the crowbar to rest against the connection of the riser with the ladder: in my memory there were cases when the crowbar pierced the cast-iron outlet right through.

How to use the public sewer?

Unfortunately, not everyone knows the rules for using sewerage. In addition to the standard norms, which imply the use of all plumbing units for their intended purpose, keeping them clean, the correct installation of sinks, toilet bowls and household appliances, taking into account the correct installation of the entire sewer system in the apartment, the selection of pipes of the desired diameter and angle of inclination, it is prohibited:

• dump food waste, glass, wood, metal, fuels and lubricants, acids, construction debris, etc. into the toilet;
• any leakage of the sewer system and pipeline is subject to immediate elimination;
• it is forbidden to use more water than necessary for personal needs: if there is no need for water, the tap must be tightly closed;
• if any sewage channel is clogged, the operation of the pipeline system is prohibited until the blockage is completely eliminated;
• overhaul of the sewer circuit prohibits the operation of the sewer system for the duration of the repair.

Important! Sewerage repair in an apartment building is mandatory when the pipeline wears out. Usually, residents are informed about this by announcements on all access doors.

In case of defective functioning of the sewer system, when any section of the sewer network is clogged, residents of the house have the right to write an application to the relevant utilities (state sewer service and housing office), but on condition that these applications contain signatures of more than half of the residents of the entrance with personal data and apartment numbers, indicating specific complaints about the operation of the system.

The sewerage device in a multi-storey building is a complex system for draining wastewater. The use of innovations in the design allows you to operate the sewer for a long time without the occurrence of emergencies. But the efficiency of the system is also affected by the correct installation of all its elements in the process of their repair and replacement. Therefore, you must always follow the rules for installing plumbing elements and carefully monitor the wear of parts of the sewage system.

The sewerage device in a multi-storey building has a number of features, primarily due to the fact that the system is much more complicated than in a private house, and must cope with fairly large loads during operation. To understand all the features of the design, you need to know the basic principles by which it is created, and to imagine what functions each of the elements is intended for.

System requirements

It should be noted right away that the design organizations that make up the layout of the system are guided in their work by numerous standards set forth in the relevant SNiP and GOST. Therefore, it is not worth doing this part of the work with your own hands, since even the simplest sewage system in a five-story building is actually much more difficult than it seems at first glance.

All structures of this kind, without exception, are subject to the following requirements:

Overview of the main components of the system

The sewerage scheme in a multi-storey building is much more complicated than in a private building, while each of the parts is very important, and any flaws grow into big problems later. In this regard, it is important to know some of the factors that directly affect the quality of the entire sewage system.

Riser

The sewer riser in a multi-storey building is subjected to the most serious loads, and it is this part of the system that is fundamental.

The location of the remaining parts is determined precisely in accordance with the position of the main highway, so the review must begin with it:

• The location of the risers, their diameter and material of manufacture are determined at the design stage. All work begins with the study of the project and in accordance with it.

Important!
The riser must not be allowed to pass through or near living rooms, since even a properly assembled system has a fairly significant noise level that will constantly create discomfort for all residents.

• First of all, the future position of the structure is marked, it can be located both inside the walls (then chasing is needed) and outside, in this case the pipe is set with a certain indent from the surface.
• If the installation is carried out with an indent from the surface, then it is necessary to fasten the clamps that will fix the structure; for this, holes are drilled in the plates for the dowels that come with the mount. It is important to control the vertical position of the clamps, in order to quickly and easily make the necessary adjustments, stud screws are used.

• Next is the installation of the riser, work starts from the bottom, while after installing each element, its position is controlled by the building level, the position must be strictly vertical without any deviations.

Remember!
The diameter of the main sewer line must be the same along its entire length, this ensures that there are no blockages in places where the thickness changes, since they are the most dangerous areas.

• Exhaust pipes are brought to the roof to provide ventilation, which should be located at a distance of at least 4 meters from open windows and balconies.

It is worth noting that the installation of storm sewers in a multi-storey building these days is rarely implemented through risers due to the fact that during rainfall, residents are disturbed by extraneous noise from flowing water. Therefore, most often in modern houses a separate spillway system is made.

Sewerage in apartments

This part is in many ways similar to the system in private homes.

When designing and installing, you should remember a few important rules that will ensure the longest possible operation without blockages, you need to understand how the sewage system is arranged, and what indicators are most important:

• For smooth operation, it is necessary that all pipes converge to the riser with a slope of 3 to 5 degrees, while it is important that the indicator is the same from beginning to end. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully set the position of all elements even before they are fastened and fixed. An uneven slope can cause blockage, which will be very problematic to remove.

The planned repair includes work with engineering communications, in particular, with sewerage.

Often it is required to replace pipes, move or install plumbing.

Installation of sewer equipment requires knowledge of the principles of operation of the engineering system.

Installation errors lead to problems, the price of which is a new repair and financial costs.

Building regulations

More than half of the inhabitants of Russia live in cities or urban-type settlements.

Living in a large settlement is associated with multi-apartment panel or brick houses.

High-rise buildings are connected to the city sewer, have internal wiring for all apartments.

The correct functioning of the system is impossible without timely maintenance and compliance with the rules of operation.

Part of the housing stock was built during the Soviet period. The layout is carried out in such a way that the kitchen and bathroom are located nearby.

This allows the use of common wiring sewers:

• waste collection begins in the kitchen (at what distance from the house a septic tank is installed, indicated),
• passes through the toilet room and bathroom,
• included in the common stand.

Sewer system in apartment buildings built on the gravity flow of wastewater under the action of gravity.

Pipe products are laid under a slope ().

Angle maintain, evenly, otherwise, stagnation in turns is possible. The farther the plumbing fixture is from the riser, the higher the pipe should be.

Wastewater has a complex composition, which includes residues of fats, carbohydrates, and solid fractions.

Pollution settles on the inner surface of the pipes and accumulate to form blockages.

Thus, self-cleaning of the internal volume of tubular products is achieved.

Blockage Prevention

Periodic work to eliminate possible blockages of deposits is carried out by plumbers, in accordance with the maintenance schedule.

Only the slope of the route is not able to completely solve the problem of blockages (the installation of local treatment facilities is described in the article).

Preventive cleaning(read reviews on the use of the drug) highways are carried out for extended sections of pipes and branches. On short runs, deposits do not have time to appear.

The procedure is carried out through the windows, at the points of connection of the plumbing fixture to the pipes.

Work is carried out with special equipment which can be bought or rented.

It is possible to lay pipes without slope to devices that use their own pump, such as a dishwasher or washing machine.

They also check the status on each device in the apartment. The water plug creates an obstacle for unpleasant smells.

The curved shape of the siphons (which is needed to connect the dishwasher, it is written) will allow solid sediment to accumulate, which is periodically removed. Do not forget that the portion of water in the shutter must constantly change.

INFORMATION. Modern apartments with a large area have two or more bathrooms.

Because of this, several risers can be mounted in the apartment, which are located at a distance from each other.

External communications

In addition to efficient operation, two consumer requirements are imposed on sewage:

• convenient use,
• safety.

Modern sewer network consists of two parts: intra-house wiring and external engineering networks.

The latter include:

• highways,
• collectors,
• wells(),
• treatment facilities.

At the current rate of growth of cities, and, consequently, the number of inhabitants (what is the standard for the consumption of cold water per person per month, it is written), city networks can no longer cope with the load.

The systems built in the second half of the last century contain cast-iron pipes (how to fix a leak under pressure, it is written), which become unusable over the years of operation.

Operational properties of cast iron products are worse than polymer ones.

A large weight makes installation difficult, the heterogeneity of the inner surface allows you to quickly overgrow with fat, salt deposition.

Currently, the process of replacing cast-iron pipes with PVC plumbing pipes for sewerage is proceeding at a rapid pace (dimensions are indicated on the page).

Installation, repair, replacement of plastic pipes is easier, faster and cheaper. Smooth walls will allow drains to pass without stopping.

Preventive cleansing adds efficiency in the use of plastic materials.

Blockages are removed in two ways: chemical and mechanical.

For reagent cleaning splitting reagents are added to the pipeline, which are retained in the pipes for a certain time, then washed off with hot water.

mechanical way, otherwise, it is called manual.

In its application, a steel wire stack is used.

When the cable moves inside the pipes, the solid layers are destroyed.

After finishing work, the area is washed with hot water.

Repair of internal networks

Equipment cannot work forever. Therefore, after the prescribed period, it is necessary to deal with the repair of engineering networks.

Overhaul is the most convenient moment for this. The first thing to do is select pipes.

Distributed products from:

• polyvinyl chloride;
• polyethylene;
• polypropylene.

There are no physical, structural or technological features between the species.

For the installation of intra-apartment wiring, you can use any.

The main thing is to choose the right connecting elements and necessary accessories.

The installation process itself is simple.

Pipes with a diameter of 50 and 110 millimeters sold by the meter with coupling.

Having bought pipes 2 meters long, it is easy to connect them together. To do this, the smooth end of one pipe is inserted into the coupling of the other.

The resulting connection is hermetically sealed by a rubber o-ring.

Products are inserted all the way, then pulled back half a centimeter. This creates a damping zone that compensates for linear expansions.

Internal redevelopment of pipelines

Often, during the redevelopment of apartments, it becomes necessary to change the internal sewer wiring.

This is possible when combining a toilet and a bathroom, adding or transferring a bathroom, a kitchen.

Achieve the movement of effluents under the influence of gravity (how much water the dishwasher uses, it is written), it is not always possible.

The solution is to install pumps designed for indoor use.

Conclusion

The layout and installation of sewerage inside the apartment will not be any particular problem.

The main requirement will be the correct slope main routes from devices to the riser.

If this condition cannot be met for any reason, a forced movement of effluents is created. This is achieved by installing pumps.

Watch a short video describing the principle of operation of the sewerage system of apartment buildings.